I found an article about James Cutting's work in the NY Times' list of most popular articles. Professor Cutting studies scene length patterns in movies. The subtitle of the article was "Shot by shot, films have evolved to resemble the natural rhythms of the brain."
::::::::
James Cutting is a Professor of Psychology in the Department
of Psychology at Cornell University.
Professor Cutting's current research interests lie in film, art,
culture,
and psychology; his continuing interests include the perception of
motion,
depth, and layout; event perception; and structural and functional
analyses
of perceptual stimuli.
Professor Cutting received his Ph.D. from Yale University and is a
past
editor of Psychological
Science.
Interview notesPattern found in pulsars, heart beat, tides-- a pattern of complexity
Found
that contemporary films do it more
The name of the pattern is
1/f
Waves that course through our daily life.
generate a
patter in which we're on in one instant and not on in another instant
This
pattern is a... a signo of complexity in our modern life.
Measured
shots in 150 films. Compared shot lengths in a movie across time.
1500-2500
shots each Contemporary about 4 seconds average.
You have burst
of activity and one of the ways that represents itself is shorter
shots.
Dialogue sequences alternate in the domain of 4 or 5
seconds
What does it mean psychologically.
Because it's a
signature of complexity, it's a recognition that we are complex
creatures.
Everyone has attention that waxes and wanes.
What's
new is that there's this kind of pattern that's found in lots of
different places.
Pattern doesn't make a better move. It may
make a movie that holds our attention better.
attention-grabbingness
vs. quality.
Film Noir films, made after WWII. Shot lengths
are random-- no pulse.
Studio era-- a lot of controls that came
from top down to editors
afterwards, filmakers became more
independent, particularly editors.
waves are measured in
duration.
Jumanji. correlational structure. --- wave 231 shots
about 15 minutes repeating
Every time you are presented with
something new, you need to refocus. The fild is driving your attention.
With
different time spans
Chose highest grossest films from 15
different years ten for each year.
Used IMDB.com to find highest
rated movies.
Films from five different genres. action,
comedy, action,
Linguistic study of sentence lengths in stories.
They may follow a 1/f pattern too.
silent movies-- shot lengths
started at 15 seconds then dropped to 5 seconds.
With sound, shot
length burges to 10-12 seconds.
In '62 declines to about 4 seconds.
People
say that shot length got shorter, related to ADHD.
Silent era
movies suggest it was the story-telling that drove the shot length.
Hitchcock
30 steps 10-12 seconds, but has 1/f pattern
Hunt of red october 4-5
second shot length average but 1/f
Quantum of solace has average
shot length of 1.5
Hearts pulse, gets people involved. I found it at
the edge of being frenetic.
Opening chase scenes of 1 second
RK:Â
People under 30 have developed different psychology.
Loren
Carpenter-- computer engineer who worked at Lucas Films. Worked at
Boeing to study turbulence around wings.
Synthesized first computer
graphic movie "VeauLibra" Free Flight shown at SIGGRAPH 39:
Movies
and technology can drive everyone to new states.
a lot more
variablility now than there was in 1935 or 1960
Action films have
faster shot length. Drama have 4-5 seconds.
The notion of an
average shot length for a given film in a given year--
application
to advertisements
need at least 250 or 500 shots to be sure you have
the 1/f pattern.
Early hollywood films were not 1/f
When
you look at complexity in the human mind and other things is 1/f.
People
with ADHD don't have the 1/f pattern.
reaction times variation time
is 1/f. ADHD people don't generate that pattern. They have more tlike
1/f squared--
a lot more motion and action in newer movies-- a
linear trend.
there's something about a lot of activity in
movies that slakes off our need for activity, or enhances our need for
activity.
Http://people.psych.cornell.edu/~jec7Â Â
http://bit.ly/jecutter
Authors Bio:One theme has run through my work for the past 40 plus years-- a desire to play a role in waking people up, raising their consciousness and empowering them.
I was the organizer founder of the Winter Brain, Optimal Functioning and Positive Psychology and StoryCon Meetings and president of Futurehealth, Inc., with interests in Positive Psychology as well as being involved in the field of biofeedback/neurofeedback since 1972.
see my more detailed bio, reflecting my work in biofeedback, here.
In 2003 I founded www.OpEdNews.com , where I've written over 1800 articles and have published over 100,000 other people's writings, with the goal of raising people's consciousness in political and activist ways.