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Textbook of Neurofeedback

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Rob Kall
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Textbook of Neurofeedback, EEG Biofeedback  and Brain Self Regulation

edited by Rob Kall, Joe Kamiya and Gary Schwartz

The Use of Occipital EEG Feedback to Facilitate Oculomotor Development: A Case Study
by Peter Behel, M.A.
A review of the literature (Adrian & Mathews, 1934; Berger, 1930; Cobb, 1963; Dewan, 1967; Durrup & Fessard, 1935; Lindsley, 1960; Ludlum, 1979, 1981; Mulholland, 1969; Mulholland & Evans, 1966; Mulholland & Peper, 1971; Mundy-Castle, 1957; Oswald, 1959; Peper, 1970, 1971) reveals that "visual attention," as indicated by occipital beta wave activity (i.e., alpha "blocking") is, operationally, oculomotor activity that involves pursuit tracking, vergence, and lens adjustment (accommodative) reflexes, which maintain the fixation of images on the central retina (foveal centralis). The appearance of occipital alpha is directly linked to a blurring of visual focus. I began to wonder whether blurred visual focus could be improved by training individuals to produce occipital beta rhythms (i.e., alpha "attenuation") in order to invoke the operation of an underutilized oculomotor system that was essentially lying in stasis. I also began to wonder whether the appearance of occipital alpha preceded oculomotor insufficiencies, or whether occipital alpha emerged from oculomotor inadequacies, a classic chicken/egg dilemma.

Using visual therapy, Ludlum (1979) worked over a 2-6 month period on two school-age patients. Both patients had accommodative convergence and oculomotor difficulties, and were unable to suppress occipital alpha rhythm during visual processing. Over the training period, both children markedly improved their reading and other academic skills and their attention to and enjoyment of reading increased as well. The patients

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