Proceedings
5th Annual Winter Conference on Brain
Function/EEG, Modification & Training: Advanced Meeting
Colloquium Feb 21-25,1997 Palm Springs CA Organized by Rob Kall
Abstracts & Workshops
Alphabetically listed by author
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Winter Brain Meeting Abstracts
Central Archive
Information about the next Winter Brain
Meeting
return to Meeting Central
link to '97, '96, '95 Neurofeedback meeting audio and video tapes
Meeting Opening Talk: Creating light or
"Getting rid of darkness
Rob Kall, meeting organizer
You can create light or try to get rid of darkness. Neuro/Biofeedback is , whether
you want to think of it that way or not, a holistic, rather than a reductionistic
process, which helps to optimize the individual's functioning on continuums of
inhibition and disinhibition.
-The great strength of neurofeedback is in the extras it offers when you are working
within the disease-based medical model. Patients gain self awareness and
concrete self control skills.
-Non-medical applications of Neurofeedback (all of them) integrating technology with heart
and spirit
-Taking your patients/clients/students to the next step.
-Treatment vs. learning lifelong skills
Beyond ADHD: Neurotherapy for Neurobehavioral Disorders
Tom Allen, BCIAC
The focus of this workshop will be the application of EEG neurofeedback and traditional
biofeedback methods for the treatment of neurobehavioral disorders in children and adults.
We will address the concept of a
continuum of neurobehavioral disorders and the types of problems that appear to
respond to neuro and biofeedback treatment technigues. The techniques and methods are
based on clinical data derived from
neurofeedback practice with this population. There will be live demonstrations of
technigue and reviews of patient data. A copy of Mr. Allen's protocols with various
neurobehaviorally disordered populations will be made available to the attendees of
the workshop.
The workshop will address Tourettes, Asperger's Syndrome, Hyperlexia & Higher
Function Autism in detail with some review of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. In
addition there will be a discussion on
typing ADHD based on psychophysiological variables and the implications of these
typologies regarding therapeutic intervention .
Biofeedback of Slow Cortical Potentials in the Treatment of Epilepsy, Severe
Motor Paralysis and Aphasia
Prof. Dr. Niels Birbaumer
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology
University of Tuebingen
Gartenstrasse 29
D-72074 Tuebingen
Tel.: 07071 2974219, 0171 6542354
Fax.: 07071 295956
niels.birbaumer@uni-tuebingen.de
Slow cortical potentials indicate a state of excitation or inhibition of large cortical
neuron pools. Negative slow brain potentials of several seconds duration
indicate depolarization of the underlying cortical network, positivity reflects
reduction of fascilitation. In several papers biofeedback of slow cortical
potentials in normal populations where described (Birbaumer et al 1990,
Physiological Reviews) which showed that self-produced negativity improves those
behavioral and cognitive activities which utilize mobilization of cortical networks.
Response speed, vigilance and concentration is increased during negativity,
positivity reduces mobilization. Cholinergic inflow to the cortical mantle seems to
be responsible for negativity, while positivity depends on the activation of
GABAergic inhibitory synapses.
Measurement of brain blood flow with functional MRI during biofeedback of slow
cortical potentials (Birbaumer et al, in press) demonstrates that during
self-produced negativity prefrontal thalamic and parietal structures are activated
while during self-induced positivity those structures are inhibited. Therefore it
can be concluded that self-regulation of slow cortical potentials involves excitation and
inhibition of attentional
systems in cortical and subcortical structures.
Biofeedback of slow cortical potentials was first applied to the treatment of
epilepsy, particular temporal lobe epilepsy (Rockstroh et al 1989). Several controlled
studies have shown that training of positivity for more than 40 sessions improves seizure
frequency and neuropsychological functions in temporal lobe epilepsy: three studies with
60 patients have demonstrated that after extended training of positivity one third of
patients is seizure-free, one third shows significant improvement and one third does not
respond. All patients were drug-refractory epileptic patients with more than one
seizure a week. These studies will be reviewed and new data will be added.
Another successful application of slow brain potential biofeedback is a
brain-computer-interface communication system for locked-in patients.
Locked-in-patients have no means to communicate because all muscles including face muscles
are paralyzed. Most of the patients in our studies are patients with amyotrophic lateral
sklerosis, a neurological disease which leads to complete motor paralysis while all
sensory systems remain intact. Patients are artificially ventilated and have to be fed
artificially. These patients learn to produce cortical negativity and positivity at
different locations of the brain and use this brain response to select in a
special computer program verbal communication subprograms by which a more or less fluent
verbal communication through the brain with the help of the computer becomes possible.
Video demonstrations and
results of these studies will be presented at the conference. A new successful
application of slow brain potential biofeedback is the training of left temporal
negativity in aphasic patients. Already after 5 training
sessions improvement in expression and processing of words can be shown.
Research was supported by the German Research Society (DFG).
Max Cade and Humanistic Neurofeedback
Geoffrey Blundell
Audio House
Progress Road
Sands
High Wycombe HP12 4JD
Fax 01494 539 600
email Compuserve 100043,2502
Maxwell Cade, began his pioneering studies in the art of biofeedback in the late
1960's. He believed that a healthy body was the product of a healthy mind.
His unique training commenced at an early age under a Japanese Zen
master when he gained a martial arts black belt in Judo. His western studies
were not neglected and he eventually became a Fellow of the Royal Society of
Medicine in the Britain.
His life was devoted to the exploration of the meaning of "a healthy mind". The
mind is so complex that there can be no simple response to such a quest. Each person's
answer is influenced by his or her teachers and that person then influences
others. In Eastern terms this is called a lineage of understanding. For Max Cade this
began in Japan and is now continuing with Anna Wise who in turn may have a student
who carries on this tradition.
How does this overview change the application of biofeedback methods? It
becomes obvious that the content of the mind is more important than the its state as
represented by the production of alpha or theta waves. It leads to a
humanistic application of biofeedback which emphasises the client's own understanding of
their situation.
It frees us from the feeling that fate imposes itself on us in the form of our genes
or the environment or whatever. We are liberated totake charge of our lives. The
minimum result is a form of preventative medicine to be applied before we become ill.
Integrating Neurofeedback with solution oriented
rapid therapy:
working quickly with borderline personality disorders.
Valdeane Brown
121 Prospect St.
Port Jefferson NY 11777
516-473-7317
weare@zengar.com
WGG2-6
The Five Phase Model of Neurofeedback; Making Order Out of Chaos
Valdeane Brown
A standardized approach to using neurofeedback in a stepwise progression consisting
of the following phases
1 )SMR activation, low theta down,
2) Beta up, low theta down,
3) Alpha up, low theta suppressed still
4) alpha up with low theta stabilized and suppression feedback discontinued
5) Global Synchrony
Dysfunction is local recruitment, particularly at the low frequency.
Function is the integrated or synchronistic flowing through the entire spectrum,
depending upon the environmental demand. The majority of dysfunction is tied in with
3 and five hertz neocortical generators which
are local "strange attractors" (using chaos terminology.)
The workshop will discuss the ratonale and specific frequencies used in this model. It
will also disucss integration of yoga, breathing and brief therapy techniques.
Val Brown is one of America's most popular trainers in both neurofeedback and
psychotherapy. He is professional, enlightening and entertaining.
abstract and workshop
The Brownback-Mason Protocol Utilizing Neurotherapy With Dissociation/Addiction
Tom Brownback
Brownback, Mason & Associates
Group Psychological Practice
1702 Walnut Street
Allentown PA 18104-6741
610-434-1540 fax 610-434-6775
103220.457@compuserve.com
The Brownback-Mason Protocol is a fully integrated
therapeutic approach for the treatment of dissociation. Dissociation is
the splitting off of consciousness from a person's identity. This
"splitting-off" process is based in trauma. Trauma affects the brain
anatomically, neurologically and biochemically. Traumatic versus
non-traumatic memories are stored in the brain in different places and in
different ways.
Until recently the only means of accessing this traumatically
stored material has been through psychotherapy, hypnotherapy and
guided imagery. These methods are typically slow, often requiring ten or
more years.
When using the Brownback-Mason Protocol, the following
results have been attained:
1. A significant increase in the ability to access the dissociated material.
2. The time to accomplish full integration is reduced by as much as 70%.
3. Clients experience a heightened sense of mastery over their lives.
What you will learn in this workshop:
1. How and why the EEG of a dissociative differs from a normal EEG.
2. Where and how traumatic memories are stored.
3. How using the Brownback-Mason Protocol will promote normalization of the EEG.
4. Why monitoring one or two bands of EEG are not enough to produce
the most effective results.
5. How to do full spectral training in order to attain attentional flexibility.
Thomas S. Brownback is a licensed psychologist in the state
of Pennsylvania, and is nationally certified in biofeedback therapy,
neurotherapy, quantitative EEG and addictions. He is the Executive
Director of Brownback, Mason and Associates, a group psychological
private practice in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Tom has appeared on
national television concerning the work that he has done in the area of
dissociation. Tom has been asked to speak at conventions and
conferences around the country about the Brownback-Mason Protocol
which utilizes neurotherapy in the treatment of dissociation/addictions.
Therapists and clients from across the country come to his office for
intensive training and intensive outpatient treatment.
BRAIN BRIGHTENING
Enhancing Mental Functioning in the Elderly
Thomas Budzynski, Ph.D.
SynchroMed, LCC and the Department of Psychosocial and Community Health,
University of Washington
The Charles A. Dana Foundation has noted that 4 out of 5 Americans have been affected by
brain-related illness or injury, at an annual direct and indirect cost to the nation of
almost $600 billion.
Memory lapses can begin at an early age and these losses progress as people age. Cognitive
difficulties are often seen in the EEG as increased 3 - 8 Hz voltage as well as decreased
peak alpha frequency. There is a
reduction in the ratio of (9-11)/(7-9) energy and the amplitude of the dominant
frequency. Alpha blocking time is increased in the elderly.
Additionally, the p300 evoked response is slowed and reduced in amplitude. These changes
are exaggerated of course, in cases of dementia and particularly Ahlzheimer's Disease, but
can be seen even in individuals with memory problems who have not yet shown deficits on
most medical tests. Recent research indicates that severe, chronic stress plays an
important role in memory problems. Animal data also shows the damaging effects on adult
memory primed by a non-nurturing early environment. Neurotherapy has shown promising
results even in the very elderly (80 year-olds). Moreover, research on the EEG effects of
AVS (audio/visual stimulation) and binaural tone audiocassettes indicates that these
techniques may constitute an effective adjunct to the neurotherapy treatment itself.
Measuring Peak Performance
Dennis Campbell
phone: (818) 789-3491 Fax
(818) 788-6137
E-mail
eegdennis@aol.com
eegzone@starone.com
102056,645@compuserve.com
Peak performance training has become a hot topic and there are a number of ideas
being proposed as to what it actually is. While there are a number of valid
approaches, many of them seem to be at odds with each other. Some are very simple
single mode solutions, while others are very complex.
The chief reason seems to be that there are not only conflicting protocols, but in
many cases, a significant lack of comprehensive evaluation and progress measurement
techniques on which to base protocol selection and to validate effectivity.
Performance measurement or
determining "fitness for duty" is an exciting new field, which has produced a
number of computerized, self-scoring tests which can be used for evaluation and baselining
of performance, protocol selection and progress measurement. The most important
feature of these tests is that they are PERFORMANCE TESTS rather than purely diagnostic in
nature, and therefore much more appropriate for use with moderate to high functioning
subjects than many of the tests normally used by clinical practitioners. Several of
the most accessible tests have been investigated as to their suitability and specialized
application within a program for enhancing peak performance, including TOVA,
THINKfast, ANAM and the Critical Tracking Test.
This presentation will review the way in
which these tests operate, what parameters they measure, and how they can best be used to
inform a mind-tech based peak performance program.
Q-EEG Assessment of Intensive Alpha Training
Dan Chartier, Ph.D. and Bob Crago, Ph.D.
Dan Chartier
Nyingje@aol.com
Twelve subjects participated in intensive alpha EEG feedback training for seven
consecutive days. Each day of training included 1.5 or more hours of feedback
training and extensive debriefing/coaching sessions. Each subject underwent pre-and
post-training Q-EEG assessment and completed psychological assessments. The Q-EEG
assessment files were analyzed by a research associate blinded regarding the pre or post
status of each file.
Peak Performance EEG Training and The Game of Golf
Dan Chartier, Ph.D., Larry Collins, Ed.D., Darren Koons, M.A.
Data from pre- and post-training golf scores and Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores
indicate EEG feedback training has a beneficial effect on golf skill development.
Fifteen subjects completed a two week series of 10 EEG training sessions and mind-body
skill integration practice sessions. The EEG training included a protocol (BrainLink
=AE*) that provided audio feedback contingent on the simultaneous presence of
three frequencies above a selected threshold. The skill integration practice
included: (1) visualization of perfect performance of a selected golf skill while
maintaining targeted EEG activity and, (2) actual practice
of the skill while attempting to produce the mind-body state achieved during the
feedback training. Fourteen of the participants reported significant improvement in their
game as measured by comparison of pre- and post-training scores. Twelve of the
participants completed pre- and post-training POMS. The post training POMS results
for 10 of those 12 subjects showed development of what is called an "Iceberg
Profile", a pattern of scores that typically is found in elite athletes.
In addition to improvement in their golf game and development of elite athlete mood states
a number of participants also reported significant improvement in physical and mental
health. Although medical and psychological symptoms were not a focus of this study,
several subjects reported improvement of troubling physical symptoms including muscle
spasm pain and angina. Reports of psychological changes included improved
concentration and stress coping.
The self reports of symptom improvement were supported by Symptom Checklist 90 results.
Comparison of SCL-90s completed before and after training show marked improvement
on all scales with the obsessive-compulsive scale having the greatest change.
* BrainLink is a registered trademark of Advanced Neurotechnologies.
Electroencephalographic Results of Human - Dolphin Interaction:
A Sonophoresis Model
David M. Cole, Foundation Chairman
AquaThought Foundation
14610 Lake Olive Dr., Ft. Myers, FL, 33919, 941-437-2958
dc@aquathought.com, http://www.aquathought.com
Abstract: The AquaThought Foundation is a privately funded research organization dedicated
to the exploration of human-dolphin interaction.Since 1989, AquaThought has studied the
neurological impact of close contact with dolphins on human subjects and the related
therapeutic phenomena.
AquaThought's latest research seeks to establish covariant factors between various
physiological changes which occur during human-dolphin interaction, and the amount of
ambient echolocation energy present during the interaction.
Applications of Small Brainwave Machines
Thomas F. Collura, Ph.D., P.E.
Introduction
The low-cost, portable digital EEG machine has a short history. 1 and 2-channel
units for under $1000 have only been available during the 1990's. As such,
applications are in an embryonic stage. Nonetheless, a wide range of areas
have been identified, and are being actively pursued. These include:
EEG Biofeedback
Personal/self-improvement/meditation
Therapist-guided relaxation, etc
Peak-performance training, "Brain calesthenics"
Adjunct to EMG, GRS, etc.
Treatment of ADD & other clinical disorders
Computer Control & Communication
"Thought-controlled" cursor, switch
Brainwave-controlled games
Entertainment, Virtual Reality
Control of music, graphics
Control of VR Displays
Interface to Light/Sound machines
Education, Research
Labs, experiments, demonstrations
Monitoring classroom/audience attention
Military, Commercial
Screening & evaluating pilots, operators
EEG-based Cockpit controls, pilot monitoring
Assessing consumer reactions
Each of these application areas has its own requirements, history, and
prospects for low-cost EEG.
EEG Biofeedback. EEG was first explored as a biofeedback modality by Kamiya, Brown, and
others, beginning in the 1960's. Initial work led to a generalized relaxation model,
based primarily on the alpha rhythm. Training was often done solely for the
strengthening of the alpha rhythm, without regard for other variables, or other
brain rhythms. It was found that developing the alpha rhythm, in and of itself, had
limited value.
Continued work has developed methods that use other rhythms, or combinations of rhythms,
in both encouragement and discouragement protocols, to teach users to control the relative
amounts of rhythms,
providing much more precise control of the brain.
Computer Control & Communication
The use of the EEG to control or communicate with a computer is an application that has
undergone slow but steady development since the 1960's. Early work by Pinneo and others
attempted to record "latent motor
potentials" caused by a person thinking a work, such as "up" or
"down." More recently, investigators have been looking for signals that appear
controllable, and adapting the system to them. One of these is the
"sensorimotor rhythm" (SMR), that has been found to be under a certain amount of
conscious control. Generally, the user uses "affective" thoughts, such as
"feeling light" or "stopping thinking" to cause the desired rhythm.
Entertainment, Virtual Reality
Entertainment application include EEG-controlled composition and performance,
including "audience-participation" situations.
Virtual Reality displays can use EEG to modulate, alter, or otherwise control any aspect
of the virtual world. For example, a system could be made sensitive to the
individual's overall cognitive and emotional state, to produce an appropriate world.
This could include changing the colors or sizes of objects, controlling sunrise and
sunset, or causing the appearance or removal of features, or even of the entire
location.
Education, Research
EEG is not well known below the level of the graduate student. Very few colleges,
and no known high schools, offer any opportunity for students to record, study, and
understand the EEG. This is unfortunate, because
it is becoming increasingly clear that a basic understanding of the EEG and its
properties, especially with personal experience of recording (ideally one's own) EEG, can
provides valuable insight into the brain, as
well as the mind. For example, individual differences can be seen in EEG patterns between
people, and EEG changes in various tasks or circumstances can also be revealing. It
would be desirable for a greater number of students, at and below the undergraduate level,
to have direct experience with, and understanding of, the EEG.
There is a certain amount of popular use of phrases like "left
brain," "right brain," "being in synch," "alpha
waves," and other related concepts. We like to understand how the brain operates, but
often use concepts
that we must for the most part, take for granted, because there is no practical way to
check any of these ideas out. With the availability of low-cost,
scientifically sound brainwave monitors, it becomes possible to effectively record and see
anyone's brain rhythms, their left and right-brain activity, balance, synchrony, and other
variables.
Military, Commercial
The military has a long history of studying the EEG; some of the earliest telemetric
monitoring and analysis was developed by NASA during the 1960's, in connection with the
space program. This was designed primarily to monitor the pilots' state of health
and consciousness. In addition, the Air Force has had a long-standing program to
develop EEG-based pilot controls for the cockpit. These include evoked-potential
based system, which attempt to rapidly detect and act upon changes in the pilot's gaze, or
level of attention, to a display item.
Commercial applications include studying subjects who are viewing advertisingmaterial or
evaluating products, primarily to assess their level of interest and/or arousal.
The BrainMaster Project
Thomas F. Collura, Ph.D., P.E.
tomc@brainmaster.com
Introduction
The BrainMaster Project began in January, 1995. It was conceived as a way to
share information regarding the design, construction, and use of small EEG monitors, and
to facilitate the development of the science and
art of brainwave training and control. Since its inception, over 500 people have
been provided with detailed information, dozens of experimenters have constructed systems,
and a world-wide-web site (http://www.brainmaster.com) and e-mailing list server
(brain-m@brainmaster.com) have been created.
While starting this project, I was employed on the staff of the Neurology Department of
the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, working on computerized epilepsy monitoring and
diagnosis. Having worked with small and large EEG systems since the mid-1970's, I
identified a point at which the technology was ready, making possible a
very low-cost, high-function, single-board digital EEG system. This was reported at
the American EEG Society in September, 1995. Since the Clinic had no
commercial interest in this, I chose to make the design
public domain, enabling virtually anyone to have access to it, thus facilitating the
promulgation of the technology.
The basic hardware and system design is thus a "published" work. Simultaneous
with this development, the internet began to be used more widely, and it was possible to
use Usenet newsgroup postings, direct e-mail, and list servers to identify and
communicate with prospective project participants. During the first year, more
than 300 individuals corresponded. In November of 1995, the mailing list
server was donated by mtjeff.com, and the first "inaugural message" went out in
December, 1995. From an initial list of about 75 members, the list has grown to over
300. Over 20 countries are currently represented.
Several notable developments in the computer industry have served as models for this
project. The most outstanding of these are the UNIX operating system, and the Apple II
personal computer. UNIX was developed in an academic setting, as a flexible,
extensible, open operating system for a variety of uses. In addition, it was widely
deployed in universities and research laboratories, whose students and staff undertook to
further develop and improve the software.
The Apple II was the first widely popular personal computer, primarily because it was
affordable, it was targeted strongly at the educational and research populations,
and it had an open architecture, accelerated the development of new applications. A
key concept in the BrainMaster vision is that the world needs an "Apple
II of the brainwave world."
In 1980, the Apple II could replace a $25,000 computer in an air-conditioned lab staffed
by a graduate student, and put the computer into any lab or home, for $2500. New
applications, such as spreadsheets, word processors, and the infamous interactive fiction
game, then became possible, further extending the scope of the technology.
Similarly, by the year 2000, the BrainMaster and its kin will be able to replace a
$25,000 EEG in a lab staffed by an EEG technician, and bring it to labs and homes for yet
unexplored applications. (What types of programs will become the
"Visicalc's" or "Lotus's" of EEG software??)
What could be more fitting than to give this to ourselves, in the Decade of the Brain?
Project Description
Currently, project participants have several ways to obtain and/or build hardware, free
software for the Windows environment, projects to port the software to the Mac and Visual
Basic, and various sources of information and support, primarily using the internet.
The most notable result from such a project is the technical and applications innovation
that result when many people share a common interest, and have access to technology.
Many people have already studied, worked with, and contributed to, the BrainMaster
hardware and software design. The tangible contributions received from participants
thus far include:
Analysis and redesign of the EEG amplifiers (T. Bruhns, Hewlett-Packard) Data acquisition
code. (Dr. R. Webber, Johns Hopkins University) Provision of WWW server, and e-mailing
list server (V. Skinner, mtjeff.com)
Web Site design & layout (P. Ivanik, Lehigh University)Calibration signal generator
(J. Evanko, Cleveland Clinic) Image scanning capability (T. Homa, Cleveland Clinic)
Enclosure and assembly procedure (Dr. E. Jacobs, Cleveland Clinic) Soundblaster-compatible
sound generation code (Dr. J. Stevenson, NASA)
Treatment of ADD patients (Dr. M. McKee & Mr. J. Kiffer, Cleveland Clinic) Suggestions
for text/graphical screens (Dr. C. Weitman, Cleveland) Field trials, user feedback (too
many to cite)
Although this is an open project, all participants retain the rights to their own work.
As things develop, it is likely that opportunities will arise for related hardware
and software, including light/sound interfaces, virtual reality, education, games,
performance, art, and many other applications. This project aims to encourage
innovation, in the hope that products, as well as markets, will continue to develop and
grow stronger, for the mutual benefit of everyone who is interested in this new, exciting,
and evolutionary area.
2hr workshop
The T.O.V.A.(R) in Clinical Practice by Clifford
L. Corman, MD
UAD 4281 Katella #215, Los Alamitos, CA 90720.
1-800-729-2886 fax 714-229-8782
UAD@aol.com
The presentation will cover the following. Specifications, validity, and variables will be
described, as well as, use of the T.O.V.A. in various settings. Comparisons
and descriptions of other continuous performance tests will be introduced and discussed.
Finally, case presentations will be discussed to demonstrate:
1. Clinical applications, including a discussion of behavior vs. cognitive emphasis.
2. Effects of nicotine, caffeine, and prozac.
3. An example of head injury effects.
4. Effects of IQ on the variables of attention.
5. An interview form for adults and adolescents.
FUTUREHEALTH Inc (founded 1978) is one of the
world's best sources for neurofeedback technologies-- new and used biofeedback systems,
sound and light machines, books, tapes, accessories, etc.
FUTUREHEALTH Inc. 211 N.
Sycamore, Newtown, PA 18940, 215-504-1700 fax 215-860-5374
e-Mail bio@futurehealth.org
Link to Neurofeedback instrumentation
The Concentration-Relaxation Cycle: Application to
Neurofeedback Training
Jonathan Cowan, Ph.D.,
NeuroTechnology Inc
1103 Hollendale Way
Goshen, KY 40026
502-228-0605 fax 502-228-5228
75053.1561@compuserve.com
As part of
his studies on pilots for the Air Force, Dr. Barry Sterman established that
they would continuously cycle between concentration and relaxation. As
they focussed on one task, alpha frequencies would remain
suppressed. Between tasks, there was an alpha burst
which was shorter in duration in the better pilots. I
will present evidence that this finding is actually an
example of a much more widespread cycle which affects all of our lives, when
we are functioning optimally at work or school.
Although neurofeedback pioneers such as Dr. Les Fehmi have been emphasizing
the development of the flexibility of attention for many years, I
believe that training clients to intentionally perform this cycle is
a more precise way to enhance clinical outcomes. I will describe
some new clinical training meth ods, which combine innovative
neurofeedback protocols, breathing biofeedback, autogenic training, and
automated reminders to take a brief relaxation break.
Adverse Effects On Neurotherapy From Ingestion of Excitotoxins And
Other Dietary Substances
Joy W. Craddick MD,
Partners For Health
1206 Linda Avenue, Ashland, Oregon, 97520
541-488-0478, FAX 541-488-5509
email: joyhealth@aol.com
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, and monosodium glutamate, a taste enhancer, have been
found to induce a pattern of brain injury in clients undergoing neurotherapy for a variety
of conditions. Case presentations will illustrate the adverse effects of these
"excitotoxins", a descriptive term coined by Russell Blaylock MD, Associate
Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine. Dr.
Blaylock's research indicates that excitotoxins may be responsible for the marked
increased incidence of brain tumors, as well as other central nervous system conditions.
This is well documented in his recent book, Excitotoxins, The Taste That Kills.
In our experience, people with previous head injury who are undergong neurotherapy
appear to be most susceptible to the effects of these substances. In addition,
examples of the EEG effects of other substances such as sugar and caffeine will be
presented. Unfortunately, at present, processed food companies are not required to
label additives that contain MSG, although grassroots efforts are now underway to change
this policy. Until then clients must be encouraged to read labels on all prepared
foods. The following additives always contain MSG: hydrolyzed vegetable protein,
hydrolyzed protein, hydrolyzed plant protein, plant protein extract, sodium caseinate,
calcium caseinate, yeast extract, textured protein, autolyzed yeast, and hydrolyzed oat
flour. Additives that frequently contain MSG are malt extract, malt flavoring,
boullion, broth stock, flavoring, natural flavoring, natural beef or chicken flavoring,
seasoning and prepared (not fresh) spices. Additives that may contain MSG are
carrageenan, enzymes, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and whey protein
concentrate.
This is a partial list of the most common names for disguised MSG, an excitotoxin.
RESULTS OF EEG MEDITATION
RESEARCH IN INDIA
Frank Echenhofer, Ph.D.
San Francisco State University Mailing Address: P.O. Box 192, Jenner, CA 95450 phone:
(707) 865-1412 e-mail: fge@juno.com
This talk will present the results of EEG meditation research in India sponsored by the
Institute of Noetic Sciences. The collaborative model of research used with the
Tibetan Buddhist monks will be described. Insights from this research served as the
inspiration and foundation for later research and applications for exploring consciousness
that will be addressed in detail during the afternoon workshop. Immediately
following this talk will be a conference break when a video will be shown of
discussions with the Dalai Lama regarding EEG and consciousness research.
Workshop: 2-6pm Sunday
A STRUCTURED PROGRAM USING EEG BIOFEEDBACK TO EXPLORE CONSCIOUSNESS:
BLENDING NEUROSCIENCE AND THE ANCIENT MYSTICAL TRADITIONS
Frank Echenhofer, Ph.D. San Francisco State University Mailing Address: P.O. Box 192,
Jenner, CA 95450 phone: (707) 865-1412 e-mail: fge@juno.com
This workshop will offer a structured program to use EEG biofeedback to explore
consciousness. EEG biofeedback is value-neutral and requires a context. Western
psychology has existed for about 100 years. In contrast, the Eastern mystical
traditions have developed over thousands of years and are the essential and vibrant core
of the great world religions. These traditions contain complete systems that offer
very practical programs to explore consciousness.
This workshop will draw upon the teachings, structures, and methods of the mystical
traditions to provide a rich and deep spiritual context for EEG biofeedback and a source
for the emergence of the specific areas of consciousness to be explored. These
ancient systems provide needed focus and guidelines regarding the developmental stages
and/or exceptional abilities associated with developing awareness. This workshop
will summarize these developmental stages and describe their functional significance
in terms of modern neuroscience and evolutionary psychology.
Some of the developmental stages and/or exceptional abilities to be conceptually bridged
from the mystical to the scientific traditions include perfect concentration ability, a
calm mind, thought cessation, lessening grasping and aversion, deconstructing the nature
of self and the world (emptiness), the development of compassion, the value of
visualization of subtle physiology and archetypal imagery, the transformation of anger an
sexual desire, and sacred physical sexuality.
A range of EEG methods which have been developed to explore the above areas from the dual
perspective of mysticism and science will be presented and demonstrated. The
rationale for these methods will be fully described both from the neuroscience and the
spiritual perspectives.
Participants will have the opportunity to experience some of the methods used to explore
consciousness during the workshop and provided with detailed descriptions to use later in
their own settings with their own EEG biofeedback equipment. These methods are not
specific to any particular type of EEG instrumentation. This workshop will include
video of EEG meditation research in India, including footage of discussions with the Dalai
Lama and other advanced meditators.
Frank Echenhofer, Ph.D. is a Past-President of the Pennsylvania Society of Behavioral
Medicine and Biofeedback and a licensed psychologist living in Jenner, CA, north of
San Francisco. He is a faculty member of the Holistic Health Program at San
Francisco State University. He is currently completing a NIH grant using EEG
biofeedback to treat mild traumatic head injury. In 1991 he sought out the Dalai
Lama's help to conduct EEG research with advanced meditators in northern India. He
co-founded the Tibetan Buddhist Center in Philadelphia and the Institute for
Multidisciplinary Studies to conduct EEG research on consciousness. Currently
he works in the San Francisco Bay area with individuals and groups offering programs
to explore consciousness using EEG biofeedback and other methods.
Brains & Minds Meet The Third Millenium
Marilyn Ferguson
Box 421069
Los Angeles, CA 90042
213-223-2500 fax 213-223-2519
bmstaff@brainmind.com
http://www.brainmind.com
Many "new paradigms" have gained popular acceptance in recent years.
People freely talk about alternative medicine, black holes, quantum leaps,
near death experiences, bonding, remote viewing, reight and left hemispheres, brain
stimulation, emotional literacy, social intelligence.
Years ago Fritjof Capra remarked, "Most physicists still go home and live their
lives as if Newton was right. "
Where is the Big One, the sum of it all, "the" new paradigm that's supposed to
be emerging? Somehow the fascinating puzzle pieces from the various disciplines have
yet to be assembled together. When enough specialists pool their state-of-the-art
findings and theories we will have a revolution worth writing home about.
Even a brief tour of breakthroughs reveals the outline of a reality spacious enough to
accomodate the far-out and sensible enough to satisfy all but the die-hards.
Streams of Consciousness
WK4-6 Marilyn Ferguson
http://www.brainmind.com
Is consciousness mediated through cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles? Our forefathers
thought so. The notion didn't fade out until the mid 18th century, when more
"scientific" thought came into play. In fact, such a model helps account for a
number of apparent anomalies, such as the relatively normal intelligence found
in some hydrocephalics and the way learning seems to be diffuse rather than
localized. This workshop looks at evidence for this classical view and
the practical implications for research medicine, education and therapy.
Publisher of Brain/Mind Bulletin, American Society for Training and Development Brain
Trainer of the Year, author of Brain Revolution, Aquarian Conspiracy and Radical
Common Sense (forthcoming.)
Maintenance of Cognitive Improvements in Mildly Developmentally
Delayed Twins Treated with EEG Biofeedback
Matthew J. Fleischman, Ph.D.
915 Oak Street, Suite 300
Eugene, OR 97401
(541) 343-9221
fax: (541) 343-6410
e-mail: MFleischman@worldnet.att.net
There are multiple reports demonstrating improvements in cognitive performance from EEG
biofeedback. However there is relatively little follow-up reports as to the degree these
improvement maintained. This study reports on improvements in a pair of identical twin
girls who were eight year old when treated. Data was collected prior to treatment, at
termination and 18 months later.
Prior to treatment, one girl's IQ was in the borderline range while the other was 12
points lower placing her in the Intellectually Deficient range. TOVA scores for both were
well outside the normal range as were the reported number of DSM-III symptoms for
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Each child's overall language and social
functioning was described as consistent with their impaired intelligence.
Treatment was 40 sessions of a combination of mostly Cz Beta with some Cz SMR.
Follow up testing showed an increase of 22 and 23 points in their respective IQ's and
marked improvements in the overall
TOVA scores and ADD symptoms both in terms of number and severity. However
both girls still met criteria for ADD based on both the TOVA and symptom reports.
At 18 month follow-up there was a small decline in IQ of 7 and 5 points respectively,
still significantly greater than the pre-treatment scores. TOVA scores and symptom reports
however showed further improvement though both girls still displayed symptoms of ADD.
Both are reported to be doing well academically and socially.
Brain Plasiticity and Pain: New Treatment Approaches
Herta Flor, PhD,
Professor of Clinical Psychology
and Behavioral Neuroscience
Department of Psychology
Humboldt-University Berlin
Hausvogteiplatz 5-7
D-10117-Berlin
Tel: +49-30-20377309, -330
Fax: +49-30-20377308
e-mail: hflor@rz.hu-berlin.de
Recent neuroscientific research has shown two types of plastic changes are associated with
states of chronic pain. In chronic back pain patients, the ongoing nociceptive barrage
leads to cortical hyperreactivity and an expansion of the representation of the back in
primary somatosensory cortex.This stimulation-induced plasticity is complemented by
lesion-induced plasticity in phantom limb pain. The cortical representation of the
amputated limb is taken over by adjacent cortical areas and the amount of this
reorganization is highly correlated with the intensity of phantom limb pain. We are
currently testing behavioral as well as psychophysiologocal methods to alter and
potentially eliminate these cortical pain memories that maintain the chronic pain
syndrome.
Reading the Brain Through the Skin? The First Consumer Computer Product Operated
by Human Thought.
-George Fuller von Bozzay, Ph.D.
Biofeedback Institute of San Francisco
Behavioral Medicine Stress Management Clinic
3428 Sacramento St. San Francisco, CA 94118
(415) 921-6500 FAX (415) 921-5457 E-MAIL: BIOFDBK@iTSA.UCSF.EDU
Attn: Dr. George Fuller von Bozzay
The MindDrive developed by a Sausalito, CA company called The Other 90% Technologies has
the capability to move images, runcomputers, and even control videogames with just one's
thoughts. Advanced hardware including a sleek finger sensor and serial interface
with software capable of decoding the many signals read from the skin surface can be used
to accomplish this feat. As with EEG, EMG, and other physiological signals,
the Electrodermal Activity has many variables embedded within it. Power Spectrum
Analyis of this signal can analyze the frequency and amplitude changes over time.
Sophisticated algorhythms can parcel out the slope, change,range, limits, bandpass peaks,
and acceleration qualities of the signal. Five years and 5 millon dollars later, these
algorhythms detect mental activity and immediately reflect it on the computer monitor.
While, for consumer acceptance and financial stability reasons, the first software
available is mostly entertainment oriented (MindSkiier, MindBowling, MindFlight), some are
educational (MindArt, MindMusic, Fib), and soon new software will address issues of Peak
Performance, Concentration, Memory and Creativity. Automated teaching machines which will
only advance when the student is paying attention to the lesson, and Business /Ergonomic
programs that detect high arousal, inefficiency and stress response and provide screen
saver feedback of self-correcting activities are currently in final development.
Photic stimulation as a key tool for healing and peak
performance protocols
Dr. Uwe Gerlach
Holzweg11
D-79585 Steinen-Hofen
Germany
e-mail: uwegerlach@aol.com
CompuServe 101362,1022
Conducting workshops of intuitive Alpha-Theta training and watching the effects of photic
driving during and after LS sessions with hundreds of participants, I was able to
systemize the observations:
1) Only more skilled people gain serious interest in "electronic meditation".
2) On the other hand children and the more "vital" and intuitive persons show
immediately positive effects.
3) It is difficult to compare LS adventures with traditional meditation methods, which are
more systematic but much slower.
4) People with instabile ego-functions don't like photic stimulation, so one has a
controlling function for the access.
5) If a person is near to its own psychic transformation, the method can accelerate such
development.
Studying state-of-the-art neurofeedback systematically, I propose the following mechanisms
being effective:
- Coherence of brainwaves til complete hemispheric synchronization; we deal with
"different aggregate states" postulated in the theory of chaos physics or
altered states of consciousness. Photic stimulation or the feedback of e.g. SMR act
as "Ordner" (Hermann Haken) to accomplish the coherence of brainwaves.
- The classical neurofeedback of specific frequencies has a similar effect as photic
coherence training; the rigid brainwave structure is temporarily destabilized and must
find new organizing patterns. The classical type of training is "softer" and
less invasive than synchronizing brainwaves by photic driving.
- For peak performance and spiritual development purpose coherence training is necessary
in order to achieve altered states.
- The ultimate goal is to dynamize all sorts of rigid structures; it doesn't matter which
training protocol may achieve this, if it is successfully done. This philosophy has been
introduced by Len Ochs.
Brief bio - Dr. Uwe Gerlach, Germany:
Today I'm 52 years old, my profession is physicist. My normal career was in the field of
materials science. I did a lot of scientific research and worked many years as a materials
engineer. My second career began in the early 80's with a severe sickness consisting of a
deep depression and phobias. I cured them with the aid of bodily centered psychotherapy
(holotropic breathwork) and two years of daily deep relaxation training.
The relaxation methods were breathwork, floatation tank and sauna. In addition to
psychotherapy I experienced transpersonal phenomena and spiritual transformation similar
to descriptions of Stanislav Grof.
Since 1990 I am part of the Megabrain movement in Germany. I wrote two books around
these topics and became an expert of brain technology. From 1991 til today, I offer mental
training workshops assisted by light and sound technology. Many workshops take place in
great holiday clubs. In the past three years I became interested in neurofeedback and
studied its main structure and its actual state-of-the-art. Two years ago I founded my own
company "info-brain" in collaboration with medical doctors and trainers
experienced in light and sound technology.
Autonomic Control of Muscle Pain
Richard Gevirtz, Ph.D.
Cal. school of Professional Psychology-San Diego
6160 Cornerstone Ct. East
San Diego, CA 92121
619-623-2777 ext 324
(f) 619-552-1974
rgevirtz@mail.cspp.edu
Our group has recently shown that there is a significant sympathetic component to muscle
which is largely independent of other sympathetic measures. This means that muscle pain
syndromes can truly be thought of as psychophysiological. Since recent evidence has
elucidated central mechanisms in chronic pain, it is possible that measures derived from
CNS output will help us understand and change chronic pain disorders. This evidence
will be reviewed and discussed in terms of : 1) treatment implications targeting the
peripheral mechanisms, 2) central components, 3) potential neurofeedback applications
which might target the origins in the CNS of the pathway.
LATERAL ASYMMETRY OF SLOW POTENTIALS: LEARNED CONTROL AND INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
John Gruzelier, Elinor Hardman, Jennifer Wild, Kate Cheesman and Ceri Jones
Professor John Gruzelier Department of Psychiatry, Charing Cross and
Westminster Medical School, St Dunstans Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.
raju200@s1.cxwms.ac.uk
Jennifer Wild, Department of Psychiatry, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical
School, St Dunstans Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.,
e-mail: rnju002@s1.cxwms.ac.uk
Subjects naive to biofeedback learned lateralised interhemispheric control of slow
cortical potentials (SCPs) across electrode sites C3-C4 (N=15) or F3-F4 (N=16)
during three sessions of visual EEG biofeedback. Subjects were required to generate
slow negativity shifts either towards the left or the right hemisphere in sixty
pseudorandomly ordered trials per session. For C3-C4 training all subjects were
instructed to concentrate on sensations in contralateral arm. For F3-F4
training subjects were either told (N=8) to use emotional strategies in the task (positive
emotions for left hemisphere activiaton, negative emotion for right hemisphere
activiation) or (N=8) they received no guidance. Both groups received feedback in
the form of an on-screen rocket ship, initially centrally placed, which rose to
indicate an increase in left hemisphere negativity (relative to the right hemisphere)
and fell to indicate an increase in right hemisphere negativity. At C3-C4,
assisted with a strategy to concentrate on the contralateral arm, subjects were
surprisingly successful in learning control as shown in a MANOVA
(Session x Block x Stimulus A/B), in which there was a main effect of stimulus
F(1,14)=14.38, p <.002, without effects of session or block or interactions. On A
trials there was a leftward shift (-0.69) and on B trials a rightward shift (+1.52).
At F3 and F4 where subjects were divided into a strategy (positive vs. negati\ve
emotion) and no-strategy group, asymmetry control was acheived in the third block of
trials in all sessions,
where there was a main effect of stimulus(p<.001).
The no strategy group showed a particularly strong within session learning effect
(p<0.0037). Individual differences in schizotypy syndromes, attention and arousal
were examined for relations with control of asymmetry. Calmness and tiredness
bore some relations, unlike attentional focusing abilities. However, the stronger
advantage was to withdrawn subjects particularly regarding rightward shifts which is in
keeping with right hemispheric involvement in behavioural withdrawal.
These are the first formal group demonstrations of the self-regulation of
interhemispheric asymmetry.
We gratefully acknowledge the support of a NARSAD Senior Investigator Award.
link to '97, '96, '95 Neurofeedback meeting audio and video tapes
Pre and Post QEEG in Successful Neurofeedback
Remediation
Jay Gunkelman
415-924-8239 fax 415-924-3386
Current QEEG techniques are being used in the evaluation of
potential neurofeedback clients. The QEEG data is used by some to predict successful
electrode sites and frequencies for training. This pilot study investigates a small number
of cases where the QEEG predictions are followed. It also evaluates the QEEG changes
following the clinically perceived successful biofeedback. QEEG mapping will be displayed
for cases pre and post treatment. Implications for standardized protocols will be
discussed.
workshop WA
Jay Gunkelman: Advanced Topics in QEEG
Patterns seen in ADD/ADHD/LD, Depression, OCD, Trauma etc, Techniques to miinimize
artifact
Mu and LAmbda seen in mapping Coherence: Graphics or tables Montage and result Laplacian,
linked ears, common average Artifacting and stage 1 sleep Certification why and why not
Higher analysis: z-score, cluster, discriminate, factor Database considerations
Bring your case data for discussion
WJJ2-6
Intro to QEEG & Neurofeedback
Jay Gunkelman
How a QEEG is done.
Definitions: Power, relative power, coherence, symmetry, etc.
Samples of QEEG by diagnostic groups
Implications for NF electrode Placements
Inplications for NF frequency selections
The workshop will also include a discussion of databases available for comparison and the
Z score and regression analysis used in data base comparisons. A section on clinical
applications of QEEG in ADD/ADHD, autoimmune disease, depression, head trauma and other
applications will finish the presentation.
Six Neurofeedback Trainings Case Histories from Intensive Trainings in Alpha and
Beta Feedback
Dr. James V. Hardt
Biocybernaut Institute
1052 Rhode Island Street
San Francisco, CA 94107
(415) 824-0688 [Phone]
(415) 824-2669 [Fax]
e-mail Training@Biocybernaut.com
Six different trainings reveal the wide range of effectiveness of Biocybernaut
Institute Neurofeedback training programs. All trainings involved simultaneous
integrated amplitude feedback on 4 different cortical sites [O1 , O2 , C3 , C4 ],
and were conducted using individual or group EEG feedback systems from Biocybernaut
Institute. Four trainings were Individual trainings and two were Group
trainings. A 7-day
Individual alpha training resolved panic attacks and anxiety in a young housewife
who has been free of problems for 12 years following her training in 1985. A
10 day Individual training resolved chronic pain and depression in a suicidal police
officer by evoking the White Light experience in her. Two other Individual
trainings used 10 days of alpha feedback and 10 days of beta feedback to determine
the differential
therapeutic effectiveness of alpha and beta feedback. Beta feedback actually
increased undesirable characteristics, while alpha feedback resolved depression and
bereavement in an elderly widow. Alpha feedback also resolved paranoia
and hostility, and reduced schizophrenia in an unemployable young man. Two
7-day Group alpha trainings were also studied. One two-person group included
a scientist with chronic depression, high cortisol levels and progressive loss of
bone density, together with an aggressive former salesman and special forces
member. The alpha training transformed the instant dislike of these two very
different people into respect and admiration, and resolved the depression of
the scientist, and reduced his high cortisol levels by half, placing him in
the middle of the normal range. The high energy salesman had come in
announcing that spiritual experiences were things that happened to other people,
however on Day 5, he
experienced a visitation by the Archangel Gabriella, and was deeply moved to tears
of joy. The other 7-day Group alpha training was a family: Mother,
Father, and teenage daughter. The Father was first to have a deep spiritual
experience, becoming directly aware of the omni-presence of God, the Ground of
Being, the Boundless. The Mother and daughter discovered they were
jealous of the Fathers experience of the Boundless, which discovery allowed them to
be coached by the trainer on forgiveness and non-attachment. As they quickly
implemented this coaching, they began to have experiences of angelic visitations,
which continuEd throughout the training. They also did shared feedback, in which
each family member heard 2 of their own 4 feedback tones, and one tone each
from the other 2 family members. The Father described this as the experience
of being a cetacean, as he felt that he and his family were a pod of whales
communicating deeply, joyously, and totally auditorily. This shared feedback
produced a merging in which the family thought and felt as one. Throughout
the process, the Mother and Father were repeatedly amazed by the deep
insights and rapid understandings of their young teenage daughter. The
daughter both taught and inspired her parents with her non-attachment and easy
access to joy and happiness.
What Maslow Overlooked
Thom Hartmann
PO Box 70
Northfield, VT 05663
Fax: 770 993-4210
email: thom@compuserve.com
URL: www.mythical.net
When Abraham Maslow wrote Motivation and Personality back in 1954, he didn't
have the advantage we do now of a reasonably thorough knowledge of neurochemistry.
He observed people and the way they interacted with the world, and developed his
theory of the "hierarchy of human needs, which ranged from the need for safety to the
need for social interaction to the need for what some may call religious experience.
But Maslow had his own particular neurochemistry, which colored his
observations...and caused him to overlook a critical point. This overlooked
"basic human need" may, in fact, be so critical to an understanding of human
nature that understanding it gives us a revelatory flash of insight into the nature
of personality disorders, and specifically attention deficit disorder (ADD). This is
what I call "The Need To Feel Alive," and it also explains why some people have
multiple jobs, mates, and lifestyles, whereas others settle into one fixed routine and
stay with it their entire lives, apparently quite happy in their stasis.
To understand how Maslow could have overlooked a fundamental human need which
drives the behaviors of as much as 30% of our population, it's important to first
understand how a part of the brain is wired. This particular part of the brain, and
the way it works, can cause this need to come into being, or to remain unexpressed in a
person's life.
This presentation will explore how this aspect of neurochemistry can be so
pivotal in the development of an individual, can contribute so powerfully to their success
or failure as an adult and member of society, and how neuro- and bio-feedback may present
very effective therapeutic interventions.
Workshop WP 2-4
ADD Success Strategies
Thom Hartmann
Expanding on the information presented in the "What Maslow
Overlooked" talk, Thom Hartmann will present a detailed look at various
strategies, technologies, and methods to improve the chances for academic and life
success for children and adults with ADD. This workshop will emphasize life skills,
meditation practice, and shifting paradigms (leaving the EEG aspects of ADD treatment to
others).
RESEARCH IN QEEG AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROFEEDBACK
Daniel A. Hoffman, M.D. and
Steven Stockdale Ph.D.
Daniel Hoffman
8200 E. Belleview Ave.
Suite 600E
Englewood, CO 80111
303-741-4800
FAX: 303-741-2244
Email: DanielHoffman@compuserve.com
Recent research appearing in the electroencephalography journals is expanding the
diagnostic use of Quantitative EEG (QEEG).
Disease entities such as Dementia (both Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's varieties),
Depression, Pick's Disease as well as medication implications for specificity of subtypes
of disorders are attracting more attention in the literature. This talk will review
newer uses and investigations for QEEG with an emphasis on expanded applications for EEG
Neurofeedback. If others can identify brain abnormalities in diagnostic categories
currently not being addressed by Neurofeedback, then the priniciple of "normalizing
the EEG" should apply and open future research for treatment utilizing standard
techniques routinely used in other Neurotherapy treatments.
BRIEF CASE SKETCHES
NEUROFEEDBACK IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROMES
Victoria L. Ibric, Md, PhD, Marilyn S. Jacobs, PhD, and Joshua P. Prager, MD,
UCLA Pain Medicine Center EEG
Spectrum, Inc
200 Medical Plaza, suite 660 16
South Oakland, suite 208
Los Angeles, CA 90095
Pasadena, CA
91101
(310)794-1841
(818)577-2202 Phone/Fax
8209 A Foothill Blvd. #161
Sunland, CA 91040
(818)951-3463, (818)973-5668 pager, e-mail LLVDARP@aol.com (temporarly)
104064,1524
Pain is a symptom that suggests harm to the body. The sensation of pain is complex, and it
is not only a sensation, but feelings and emotions as well. The neurophysiology of pain
involves the cortical area of the sensory nervous system and the reticular formation which
ends in the thalamus, as well as in other areas of the lymbic system. Lately, more
research has been done in defining the intrinsec capacity of the CNS structures that
suppress pain signals. The biofeedback has been used in controlling pain level by the
means of relaxation response techniques and breathing exercises. The use of Neurofeedback
in chronic headaches has been reported beneficial for years. Neurofeedback seems to
bring essential changes in pain control, by affecting the body awareness and modifying the
perception of emotions. In our practice, we report encouraging results, in controlling
pain level by the means of Neurofeedback associated to other therapeutic modalities, in
various
chronic pain syndromes, such as: myofascial Pain Syndrome (MFS), Fibromyalgia, Reflex
Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), Trigeminal/ Facial Neuropathy, Chronic Neck/ Shoulder - Low
Back Pain, Abdominal Pain, Spasticity Post Menegitis, or associated to Parkinson Disease,
etc. A variety of cases evaluated and treated with Neurofeedback the last year at UCLA
Pain Medicine Center will be presented. The Neurofeedback
seemed to bring essential subjective changes in the pain experience, by affecting mainly
the body awareness, and by teh means of correcting the emotional make up, as well as
objectively, by reducing the muscle spasticity or flaccidity, and modifying the gait.
Keywords: Neurofeedback, Chronic Pain, Emotion.
THE ALPHA EXCESS SUBTYPE IN ADHD AND AFFECTIVE DISORDER: OR, WATCH OUT
FOR THE "MU" COWS!
Julian Isaacs Ph.D.
72237.1131@compuserve.com
Lubar and others have characterized the ADHD subtype showing excess theta.
Much less well documented and discussed is the alpha excess subtype, which spans several
diagnostic categories. This illustrated presentation will review and discuss
these subtypes using data from QEEG, experimental and clinical studies. Remediation
techniques for this subtype will be discussed. A little known and frequently
unsuspected source of artifactual data in QEEG and clinical EEG evaluations of this
EEG subtype will be revealed.
WORKSHOP (4 hours)
NEUROFEEDBACK, INTUITION AND SUBTLE ENERGY TREATMENT: AN INTRODUCTORY
EXPLORATION
Julian Isaacs Ph.D. & Patricia Fields Psy.D.
Neurofeedback offers a modality in which cognitive, affective, endocrinological and
immune system disorders may be addressed. All of these disease entities have
complex interrelations with the psychology of the individual, with their mind/body
relationship, their spiritual outlook and frequently their unconscious definition of life
purpose. The application of intuitive methods by practitioners to these levels
of the client's psyche may sometimes offer an effective frame in which to
construe the totality of the client's situation and thereby permit the mirroring
back of salient unconscious issues for integration in consciousness. Research
in anthropology, parapsychology and psychoneuroimmunology has strongly suggested
that unconventional healing methods employing subtle energy are effective and can in
some cases produce powerful results. This workshop will introduce the
neurofeedback therapist to the use of intuitive methods in neurofeedback and the
integration of the use of subtle energy .
Making the Connection: Multiple Intelligences and Learning Theory for
Psychotherapists
Jaelline Jaffe, Ph.D.
P.O. Box 8253
Universal City, CA 91618-8253
phone: 818.752.7212
fax: 818.752.4222
e-mail: jjjaffe@cris.com
In general, bio/neurofeedback practitioners have a better knowledge of brain functioning
than other therapists, but few have a background in education or learning theory.
Since psychotherapy of any kind is largely a learning or relearning process, the therapist
who understands how people learn is in a better position to facilitate change. This
lecture provides a brief review of MacLean's model of the Triune Brain and Gardner's
theory of Multiple Intelligences, to help practitioners relate to clients in a manner
appropriate to learning styles.
WAA 4-6 Workshop This session will expand on the concepts presented in the
introductory lecture. As a participant, you will identify and engage your own
intelligences and learn how to strengthen those less fully developed. You will
observe and experience sample therapeutic activities which take brain functioning into
account and engage all intelligences. You will leave with specific tools to help you
better understand and connect with EVERY client, regardless of their age, or your
therapeutic orientation or treatment modality.
ABSTRACT: To ask people to fix the problems they present to a psychotherapist by using the
very tools they lack is akin to asking someone without legs to run a marathon, without
providing training for racing in a wheelchair. Just as in school, most psychotherapy
is largely verbal, which unwittingly discriminates against those whose strengths are in
other dimensions. Bio/neurofeedback goes beyond the words to the brain/mind
connection, but generally leaves many other areas untapped.
Regardless of theoretical orientation or approach, psychotherapy is largely an educational
process. Patients/clients come seeking assistance in learning new or different ways
to live their lives. Therapists are educators, whether or not they recognize this
role. By their speech, techniques and attitudes, they model behaviors and teach
options. In general, bio/neurofeedback practitioners have a better knowledge of
brain functioning than other therapists, but few have a background in education or
learning theory and most are unfamiliar with multiple intelligences and brain-compatible
learning models. Since psychotherapy of any kind is largely a learning or relearning
process, the therapist who understands how people learn is in a better position to
facilitate change.
In 1974, Paul MacLean of the National Institutes of Health described a model referred to
as the Triune Brain. Understanding the circumstances that allow for better access to
higher thinking processes allows both educators and therapists to create an optimal
learning environment.
In his 1983 seminal work, <<Frames of Mind>>, Harvard's Howard Gardner posited
a new definition of intelligence, specified criteria for identifying an intelligence, and
identified seven distinct areas that met these criteria, adding one more in 1995.
The lecture portion of this presentation will provide a brief overview of the Triune Brain
and Multiple Intelligences (MI), to help practitioners relate to clients in a manner
appropriate to client intelligences and learning styles.
The two-hour workshop will offer examples and experiences to help participants identify
their own MI strengths and to expand their repertoire of interactions and interventions to
more adequately meet the needs of each client.
OBJECTIVES By the end of the workshop, attendees will be able to: * name and
explain the eight distinct intelligences (as defined by Gardner, 1983, 1995) and the parts
and functions of the triune brain (MacLean, 1974), as they relate to the psychotherapeutic
setting * explain the purpose and value of utilizing multiple intelligences in
psychotherapy * recognize which intelligences are being utilized in their own therapeutic
approaches and which are being excluded * identify one or more specific changes or
additions they can make immediately to better address the brain functioning styles of
their clients * become more "multipli-intelligent" in their practice, to empower
clients in new ways to understand and take control of their lives
BIO: Jaelline Jaffe, Ph.D., is a therapist in private practice in Studio City, CA, and
works with a large urban school district, where she trains teachers and intern counselors
to use multiple intelligences with their clientele. Dr. Jaffe is co-author of
<<The Heroic Journey: A Rite of Passage Program>>, and is writing a book on
Multiple Intelligences for psychotherapists. She also developed and conducts a
12-week program called Never Diet Againr, an MI-based program for compulsive eaters and
yo-yo dieters.
Dr. Jaffe holds several credentials and has taught and counseled at many levels, from
pre-school to adult. She earned her doctorate in Counseling Psychology from the
University of Southern California, and has been licensed as a Marriage and Family
Therapist in California for 20 years. She is an experienced and popular speaker, who
always engages her audiences in lively, active participation. Because her workshops
are based on the Triune Brain and MI concepts, there is always something for everyone.
Specificity of EEG Biofeedback for Cognitive Deficits
David A. Kaiser, Ph.D.
EEG Spectrum
16100 Ventura Blvd., Suite 3
Encino, CA 91436-2505
(800) 789-3456; (818) 789-3456
E-mail:
URL: http://members.aol.com/eegspectrm/
E-mail: DAKaiser@AOL.com
The specificity of EEG biofeedback for the
remediation of cognitive deficits was examined for various protocols. Variables
included electrode site and frequency band of the reward. This was a retrospective
study of 64 children with attention problems (8-14 y, mean 10.2 y). All subjects received
a minimum of 20 sessions of SMR/Beta (12-15 Hz/15-18 Hz) reward training with theta and
high-beta inhibits. All children received an
extensive battery of neuropsychological tests before and after training. It was found that
on specific cognitive tests, results were significantly improved if as little as 20% of
training involved frontal sites along with training at sensorimotor strip. Also, it was
generally found advantageous to train on both hemispheres, as opposed to training on the
midline or training solely on one hemisphere. Certain cognitive skills benefited
preferentially from higher frequency training (15-18 Hz) and from training on the left
hemisphere. Protocols that focused on reward of the lower frequencies tended to be driven
more by behavioral issues such as hyperactivity and sleep, as well as right-hemisphere
functions; both of which were less quantifiable by cognitive testing. Increasing
refinement
of EEG biofeedback through protocol specificity are indicated by these early promising
result.
Moving Multiple Intelligences into neurofeedback and peak performance,
moving NF into MI & education
Rob Kall:
211 N. Sycamore, Newtown, PA 18940, 215-504-1700 fax
215-860-5374 smile@cis.compuserve.com
The multiple Intelligences model (described by Howard Gardner and others,) of
conceptualizing individual resources is gaining growing acceptance in primary and
secondary schools. This model includes several forms of intelligence-- particularly
intrapersonal and body-kinesthetic, which include the skills biofeedback and self
regulation encompass. Getting the self-regulation message across is often enough a
pioneering effort where you must break new frontiers in the wilderness. Using the language
of multiple intelligences saves the biofeedback trainer from having to cut through
the unexplored brush and take, while not a superhighway, at least an existing
road to illuminating teachers, counselors, parents and others in the education system. It
uses a learning and resource/strength rather than pathology/illness model which is more
palatable to parents and, in my opinion, healthier for the children experiencing
challenges to their success in school. Offering biofeedback as a form of
intrapersonal and body kinesthetic intellligence building tool provides a very different
orientation from the clinical model.
Taking a multiple intelligences approach to working with paitients can take
advantage of the curricular and learning strategies which have been
developed within the multiple intelligences community.
One dimension of personal intelligence I have focused on is Emotional intelligence-- This
will be discussed briefly. See my workshop description to get more details.
workshop
Positive Emotional Intelligence Training, integrating heart & technology.
Positive experience training.
WDD2-4 Rob Kall
A didactic and experiential workshop. Positive Experiences and good feelings are the basic
building blocks of self esteem, postiive attitude, inner strength, the ability to feel
good and be happy. I have developed an "Anatomy of Positive
experience" based on this premise with the aim of identifying specific skills for
enhancing the various dimensions of functioning in all aspoects of positive
experience. The workshop will review the different elements of the anatomy of
positive experience and present numerous behaviors which can be self-regulated to
facilitate positive experience and good feelings. Smile anatomy, smile biofeedback
and positive experieince diary keeping and analysis will also be covered. It will
also discuss ways this approach can be integrated with neuro and bio feedback
training. exercises will include: progressive smile activation, positive experience
memory recall guided exercise, smile relaxation, feeling good sounds, smile
palpation. Attendees will receive the KPEI Kall Positive Experience Inventory.
EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT
NEUROFEEDBACK & ADD BUT FORGOT TO ASK: THE NUTS & BOLTS OF TESTING & TREATING
ADD CLIENTS
Dr Michael K. Linden
30270 Rancho Viejo Rd., Suite C
San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675
phone 714-248-7411 ext 2, fax 714-248-7511
DRMIKE49@aol.com
lecture and workshop
ADD is the most common psychiatric disorder in children, with approximately 10 percent of
children effected and only 25 percent of these children outgrow the ADD symptoms.
ADD is a complex diagnosis since many other realted disorders cna be co-morbid. The
diagnosis of ADD should be based on a thorough testing and background history. The
assessment should include behavioral rating scales, IQ tests, achievement tests, CPT tests
and an EEG brainwave evaluation to determine if the individual is a candidate for
Neurotherapy training. Accurate testing will help design the Neurotherapy treatment
plan including which type of Neurofeedback (Beta, SMR, etc.) is most beneficial to begin
with and what obstacles may interfere with successful training. Other
multi-modality treatments (medication, counseling, support groups) will be
discussed. Plenty of time for discussion of case examples and questions &
answers will be provided.
EFFECTS OF EEG ENTRAINMENT ON QEEG, NEUROLOGICAL CORRELATES OF INTENSE ENGROSSMENT
IN AUDITORY TASKS.
Joel Lubar
Dept of Psychology, Univ of Tennessee
Austin-PEAY Building 310
Knoxville TN 37996-0900
423-974-3360 fax 423-974-3330
lubar@utkux.utcc.utk.edu
The purpose of this lecture is twofold:
A. There have been many claims made regarding the clinical effects of audio-visual
stimulation
employed to entrain certain brain rhythms. However there has been very little research
done to understand how driving the EEG at dominant alpha, theta, or beta frequencies
impact on the multichannel QEEG, and on EEG coherence, a measure of functional linkage
between cortical areas. I will present data on a carefully controlled study with 17
subjects, where we measured EEG power at 19 referential loci and coherence at 32
pairs of electrodes. I examined changes in these measures compared with a pre-stimulation
baseline and at 5 minute intervals for 20 minutes of stimulation and again after a 30
minute no stimulation rest period. The findings are very interesting and counterintuitive.
We are also looking at the effects of entrainment over 20 sessions and follow-up to
see if initial findings change or are further strengthened. We are also looking at pre and
post cognitive measures.
B. Our research on the EEG correlates of engrossed states has shown that complex attention
leads to profound shifts in Theta. Alpha, and Beta activity in specific cortical loci.
This work has important implication for understanding processing in auditory attention
tasks, important implications for those interested in "peak" performance, and
furthering our information about Attention Deficit and related disorders.
Workshop: REFERENTIAL VS BIPOLAR ASSESSMENT, DATABASES AND "PATTERN"
ANALYSIS FOR NEUROFEEDBACK TREATMENT OF ADD/HD,LEARNING DISABILITIES, TOURETTE'S
SYNDROME, AND SEIZURE DISORDERS.
Joel Lubar
I will demonstrate with instrumentation and LCD screen a simple and logical method for
deciding whether to train referentially or bipolar for any established neurofeedback
application. Next I will demonstrate how for ADD/HD to relate the results to our database
of over 600 cases, and then how to fine tune the instrumentation to reward a pattern
related to either normalization or optimal performance in a specific task such as reading
or listening.
Role of the Therapist in The Neurofeedback Treatment of ADD/HD and Addiction
Judith Lubar, LCSW, BCD
Southeastern Biofeedback & Neurobehavioral Institute
P.O. Box 10437
Knoxville, TN 37939
423-584-8857 fax 423-584-8721
lubar@utkux.utcc.utk.edu
ADD/HD and addiction seem to have a clear genetic and behavioral link. Kenneth Blum and
his associates have shown that a defect in the D1A2 allele which is involved in dopamine
metabolism is defective in may individuals that experience both alcohol and drug addiction
and ADD/HD. THis defect is pervasive in their families in their families as well. In our
work, genogram analysis as a part of our standard evaluation supports this pattern. I will
discuss the role of the therapist and the fund of knowledge needed in order to do
neurofeedback therapy with these patients.
Workshop
Relationship Between EEG Changes, Stages of Learning andand Long Term Success in
Neurofeedback
Judith Lubar
This workshop will cover the development of EEG changes over neurofeedback treatment and
follow-up. We will examine reasonable expectations for EEG and behavioral change over the
course of treatment, and at specific critical treatment points. I wil emphasize those EEG
shifts that indicate the emergence of learning or emotional problems, e.g., learning
disabilities, emotional problems, sexual or physical abuse in family or school settings.
These and other problems will be discussed in the context of depression, anxiety,
oppositional and conduct disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders and ADD/HD. Each of the
above will be illustrated by specific case histories and graphical presentation of EEG
data over a long period of time. I will emphasize the EEG markers of success at
different stages of the treatment process and will discuss how a specific form of initial
assessment directly relates to the kind of problems that one commonly sees and the
therapist's ability to deal with them effectively.
Treating High Risk Patients with Neurofeedback and Self Exploration Under Managed
Care
Carol F. Manchester, Ph.D., and Jim Shulman, Ph.D.
The rising cost of mental health care is leading to the implementation of cost containment
measures by managed care organizations. Increasingly, consumers are wanting to buy quality
results in addition to low cost health care plans. The most difficult and costly patients
to managed care organizations are high risk patients who exhaust their
hospitalization benefits year after year.. Despite intensive psychotherapy and medical
management these patients continue to cut their wrists, overdose, frequent emergency
rooms, or display other high risk self destructive behaviors. The primary author
approached Interact Behavior Healthcare Services, Inc. with a strategy to introduce
third party payers and managed care organizations with high risk populations to
neurofeedback conbined with self exploration. A pilot study consisting of seven patients
was conducted at a low cost to demonstrate the efficacy of neurofeedback in preventing
costly, frequent hospitalizations and enabling patients to "get better". These
patients reduced the need for both out-patient and in-patient psychiatric services
reducing overall costs and clinician time in case management. This procedure also proved
to be effective in improving the level of patient functioning, as demonstrated by the
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and case note observations. Strategies for
approaching managed care and outcome data will be presented.
Feedback made simple
Dan Maust
New Perspective
58 East Hight St., Suite C,
London, OH 43140
614-852-8338, fax 614-852-8998
Much has been made of specific frequencies and protocols in shaping EEG patterns during
treatment. Are we making something more difficult than we need to? Clinical utilization of
wide band filters (4-32 hz. analog) to acquire quick stabilization and normalization of
EEG patterns in clients with AD/HD and/or anxiety disorders will be presented.
Workshop:
What to do when you hear "S/He just won't listen" - Efficient
Remediation of Short-term Memory Problems
Dan Maust
Short-term auditory memory problems are frequently present in persons with Attention
Disorders (sometimes also causing non-ADDers to seem ADD) and contribute significantly to
interpersonal difficulties. Visual memory problems seem to be somewhat less frequent with
ADD, but when present, most directly interfere with academic success. Such memory problems
rarely significantly improve with stimulant medication.
Preliminary work with successful remediation of short-term memory difficulties with the
use of EEG Neurofeedback will be discussed. The presentation will include:
- Case histories
- Use of simple, inexpensive assessment tools
- Feedback proceedures for remediation within 6 to 10
weekly sessions
DIAGNOSING ADHD VIA QUANTI TATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
AN INITIAL VALIDATION STUDY
Vincent J. Monastra, Ph.D.
Clinical Director The Family Psychology Institute
2102 E. Main St.
Endicott NY 13760
607-785-0400 fax 607-785-0077
poppidoc@aol.com
OBJECTIVES:
This presentation will highlight the results of a multi-center examination of the use of
QEEG procedures in the diagnosis of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. The specific
goals of this study included: (1) the establishment of a QEEG derived database for
ADHD subtypes and non-clinical controls, (2) a comparison of QEEGs of clinical and
non-clinical groups to determine whether QEEG data could statistically differentiate the
control from clinical groups, and (3) an examination of the accuracy of QEEG in
classifying individual cases as ADHD or non-ADHD.
METHODS:
Based on the results of behavioral rating scales and continuous performance tests,
participants in this study were assigned to one of the following groups: ADHD, Inattentive
Type; ADHD, Hyperactive/Combined Type or Non-Clinical Control. Each participant was then
evaluated via QEEG procedures while completing 90 second baseline and cognitive
"challenge" tasks (silent reading, listening, copying geometric figures).
Recordings were obtained referentially at CZ and power activity (pW) ratios were obtained
comparing output in the 4-8 HZ vs 13-21 HZ frequencies.
RESULTS:
A total of 614 individuals, aged 6-64 participated in this study (246 ADHD, I; 251 ADHD,
H/C and 117 Control). Gender ratio was approximately 2:1 (412 males; 202 females).
Statistical analysis of gender effects was non-significant. MANOVA indicated significant
group differences based on age (p < .001 on all tasks) and diagnosis (p < .05 on
baseline and reading tasks). In addition, using 1 standard deviation above the mean for
non-clinical control groups as a "cut-off" indicator for ADHD, 95% of
ADHD patients between the ages of 6 and 30 and 94% of their respective non-clinical
control group members were accurately classified.
CONCLUSION:
Patients with ADHD display electrophysiological characteristics that can serve as a basis
for identification of attention disorders. QEEG procedures can reliably measure these
traits and provide an important neurometric indicator of neurologically based conditions,
such as ADHD. As such, QEEG enhances previous assessment strategies based on behavioral
rating scales and continuous performance tasks by providing quantitative confirmation of
the underlying neuro-developmental disorder.
Workshop:
An Integrative Approach for Assessing and Treating ADHD
Vincent J. Monastra, Ph.D.
Genetic, neuroanatomical and QEEG research findings support a model of ADHD as a
"non-adaptive" neurodevelopmental "disorder" characterized by
behavioral, neuro-psychological and neurological traits. "Mainstream" approaches
to assessment have relied on historical, observational and neuro-psychological test
findings for diagnostic purposes due to the absence of a "laboratory" test for
the underlying neurological disorder. However, due to the high degree of co-morbidity
between ADHD and psychiatric disorders (e.g. affective and conduct disorders), the error
rates for behavioral and neuro-psychological tests have been unacceptably high, when
diagnosis is attempted on the basis of these tests alone.
In order to improve diagnostic accuracy, a team of researchers led by Dr. Monastra and
Joel Lubar, Ph.D. examined the use of QEEG assessment procedures in the diagnosis of ADHD.
their findings indicated the ability of QEEG procedures to identify patients with ADHD
with a high degree of accuracy and enhance the accuracy level of behavioral and
neuro-psychological (CPTs) measures.
This workshop will proceed from a detailed examination of the Monastra, Lubar, Linden,
Green et al QEEG Validation Study and present an integrative assessment strategy that is
consistent with the current neuro-developmental model of ADHD. In addition, based on a
perspective of ADHD as a neuro-developmental disorder that is observed in the form of
inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity at home and school, this workshop will present
specific neurotherapeutic, cognitive and behavioral interventions that constitute an
Integrative Therapeutic Approach for ADHD.
WHAT THE WORLD NEEDS TO HEAR ABOUT NF BEFORE IT BEATS A PATH TO YOUR DOOR
Carla Nelson,
Wizop, CompuServe Mind-Brain/Body Forum
Sysop, Compuserve ADD Forum
Professional Resource Group
383 Diablo Rd. Suite 100
Danville CA 94526
voice: (510) 837-8365
fax: please phone first
For all its efficacy, neurofeedback still has a hazy image in the public eye, often seen
as a treatment of last resort instead of first choice. Is there any way to open the closed
doors - and closed minds - that keep it from being more widely recognized? Online advisor
Carla Nelson believes the answer is yes, but she suggests it may first take some change of
mind among NF practioners. Combining insights from her years in public relations with
perspectives gleaned online from hundreds of patients and pros, she discusses how NF as a
field might more effectively build "share of mind."
WHEN CLINICIANS CONNECT IN CYBERSPACE
Carla Nelson
The benefits of cyberlife for practioners are not only about research updates from the Web
or shop talk in mailing lists. Mind-Brain/Body Sciences forum leader Carla Nelson
discusses how professionals who spend time in online communities can also build a presence
in the public eye.
Workshop:
HYPERACTIVE HEARTS & MINDS: Towards a Unified View of ADD?
Carla Nelson
Scores of experts have studied attention deficiencies and filled in parts of the ADD
puzzle. But we still lack a box top, a picture that shows how the pieces can fit all
together. Many are asking if it is even possible for the wide range of symptoms and traits
we call "ADD" to rest side-by-side in any one DSM category. But where some are
calling for more splitting apart, Carla Nelson is calling for more coming together.
Blending findings from clinical practice with leading edge research from learning theory
to psychobiology, she shows how the ADD puzzle becomes a unified whole if we look at
arousal and attention together. This workshop details a matrix of nine attentional states
that shift in response to stimuli, a dyanamic model of ADD that moves along a continuum
from underaroused hypofocusing to hyperaroused hyperfocusing, leaving a trail of pointers
to common comorbidities. With a vivid functional portrait that makes good sense to both
layfolk and specialists, she provides a powerful platform that practioners can employ to
explain their treatment protocols to patients and peers.
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Carla Berg Nelson, a Bay Area journalist who reports on new developments in science and
tech and holds a degree in psych from Berkeley, is leader of the Mind-Brain/Body Sciences
Forum (GO MIND) on CompuServe and co-leader of GO ADD where she has been a lay counselor
to thousands of ADD families and conducted live interviews with most of the best known
specialists in the field.
DEVELOPING A BUSINESS MIND SET
S. Louise Norris, Ph.D, BCIA, QEEG/Tech.
Licensed Psychologist
Mid-Hudson Medical Psychotherapy Center
8 Horse Shoe Lane
Warwick, New York 10990
VOICE: 914-258-2016 ext 23
FAX: 914-258-1599
WEBSITE: http://www.mindmenders.com
This talk will focus on the differences between your role as a therapist and your role as
a small business owner. We will be discussing how to define your business dream, how
to develop a business plan and how to assess the market. We will also be discussing
resoruces available to small businesses which can support and build your practice.
COLLECTING THE INCOME YOU EARN
S. Louise Norris, Ph.D, BCIA, QEEG/Tech.
Licensed Psychologist
Mid-Hudson Medical Psychotherapy Center
8 Horse Shoe Lane
Warwick, New York 10990
VOICE: 914-258-2016 ext 23 FAX: 914-258-1599
WEBSITE: http://www.mindmenders.com
This workshop will focus on the skills we didn't learn in graduate school. It will
discuss how to charge what you are worth and how to collect what you charge. We will
explore patient agreements, waivers and managed care agreements, use of credit cards and
medical credit lines. We will also explore how to maximize rapid reimbursement from
HMO's, PPO's and third party indemnity insurers.
Stimulation Processing, Pathology, and Health
Len Ochs, Ph.D.
Voice: 510-906-0422
Center for Neurofunctioning
106 La Casa Via, Suite 110
FAX 510-906-0419
Walnut Creek, CA 94598
e-mail: lochs@pacbell.net
Web: http://www.flexyx.com or http://www.aonet.com/flexyx (backup addr.)
24-hr messaging: 800-695-0998
Chronic central nervous system (CNS) problems are looked upon as problems of taking
in, processing, and integrating stimulation. Stimulation is the energy, which, when
coded, becomes information. If the person's brain over reacts or under reacts to
stimulation, with too much or too little energy of its own, the information encoded in the
stimulation becomes unavailable to the individual. Signs, 99% of the time, that
stimulation processing is being compromised, are the presence of relatively high levels of
low and mid frequency EEG activity when this activity is evoked by stimulation.
Signs, 1% of the time, that stimulation processing is being compromised, are the presence
of ultra low levels of low and mid frequency EEG activity when this activity is measured
under conditions of stimulation.
Signs and symptoms of CNS problems arise in five areas: mood, energy, clarity,
cognitive functions, and movement. Mood problems are typically depression, but also
include bipolar problems. Energy problems range from feeling driven, to
restlessness, to hypersomnolence and chronic fatigue. Clarity problems range from mental
fogginess to hyperacusis. Cognitive problems include short-term memory, sequencing,
and organizing problems.
Movement problems range from tremor to weakness. All of these problems can be
associated with vascular anomalies, which carry symptoms all their own, including
paraesthesias, pain, pressure, throbbing, and vertigo.
Thus a wide range of chronic human problems have an evoked EEG signature of slow and mid
frequency high amplitude activity. It is hypothesized that this activity
reflects cortical incompetence, more specifically, a cortex that is permeable to high
amplitude, low and/or mid frequency activity in response to stimulation. When the
cortex is no longer permeable to that activity, problems in the above five domains improve
sharply. The high amplitude activity is hypothesized still to exist subcortically:
however it can no longer be measured at the scalp. The cortex is then said to be
impermeable to this activity. When this activity is no longer measurable, the
functional problems associated with cortical incompetence are absent.
To make matters more complex, CNS problems of short duration, and without
intergenerational history, tend to be more topographically localized and un-linked to the
activity of other sites. In contrast, CNS problems of long duration, slow in onset,
and with intergenerational history, are often associated with frequency-, amplitude-, or
phase-linked activity across multiple sites. Problems associated with multi-site
linking are often much more complex to treat. Short- and long-duration problems may
require different treatment strategies. For instance, traditional neurofeedback
strategies applied to a small number of sites may work especially well for problems of
short duration, whereas treatment of large numbers of sites, in sequences ranked according
to increasing amounts of measurable low- or mid-frequency activity may be well suited for
multiple-linked sites. Last, since all of these problems seem associated with
stimulation processing problems, using a stimulation-driven neurotherapy approach would
seem to be an ideal instrument for re-calibrating the brain's reaction system.
"Improving flexibility of functioning through flexible treatment"
workshop
Treatment Planning in Neurotherapy
Len Ochs, Ph.D.
Voice: 510-906-0422 FAX 510-906-0419
Center for Neurofunctioning
106 La Casa Via, Suite 110
Walnut Creek, CA 94598
e-mail: lochs@pacbell.net
Web: http://www.flexyx.com or http://www.aonet.com/flexyx (backup addr.)
24-hr messaging: 800-695-0998
This workshop demonstrates one treatment (not diagnosis) planning system in neurotherapy,
with or without the use of stimulation. A single-channel EEG will be used to generate
assessment treatment maps and for therapy. The model of treatment is an
applied-chaos model, which makes no assumptions about how the EEG patterns are linked to
pathology. The opposite model, a silver-bullet model, assumes that most problems are
liked to activity at CZ, C3, C4, O1, or O2, the most frequently-employed sites in most
neurotherapy today. The chaos-theory model recognizes that some sites operate
interdependently, while others are locked into relationships of activity of other sites,
and focuses treatment on minimzing the energy in the reactivity of the EEG, and then
unlocking the inflexible relationships of sites locked together. Assessment is
designed to construct maps which show what sites to treat, and in which order. The
assessment process will be demonstrated first. Data will be processed into graphical
and tabular form.
Treatment will then be demonstrated based on the mapping done earlier. Some of the
variables discussed will be dosage and frequency of treatment, how to listen to the
patient for additional cues about treatment dosage, electrode-site- sequencing rationale,
assessment process length, norms, reliability and validity, and artifact management.
Level: Intermediate to advanced.
"Improving flexibility of functioning through flexible treatment"
Protocol Selection based on CPT tests:
Siegfried Othmer, Ph.D.
EEG Spectrum
16100 Ventura Blvd., Suite 3
Encino, CA 91436-2505
(800) 789-3456; (818) 789-3456
E-mail: eegspectrm@AOL.com; SigOthmer@AOL.com; SOthmer@AOL.com;
URL: http://members.aol.com/eegspectrm/
Pre-post data from continuous performance tests will be presented on over 500 subjects who
underwent EEG biofeedback training for attentional deficits and/or learning and behavior
problems. More detailed analysis of the data illustrates the utility of the CPT in
determining training strategies and monitoring progress. Implications for underlying brain
mechanisms will be discussed.
Workshop:
Mechanisms of EEG Biofeedback:
Ansatz to the G.U.T. (Grand Unified Theory) of EEG Biofeedback
Siegfried Othmer, Ph.D., Susan F. Othmer, BCIAC
EEG biofeedback has been shown effective for a variety of indications
which bear little apparent relationship clinically: these include such disparate
conditions as epilepsy, ADHD, affective disorders, alcoholism, chronic pain, sleep
disorders, and even characterological disorders. To fully appreciate the mechanisms of
action of EEG biofeedback, one must move from the phenomenological level of the DSM-IV to
the neurophysiological level which underpins these phenomena. Pharmacology has motivated
such an approach in order to understand the mechanism of action of psychopharmacological
agents. EEG biofeedback compels a similar appraisal from the standpoint of the electrical
activity of the brain.
EEG biofeedback is non-specific with respect to clinical indications; it is likewise
non-specific with respect to neuromodulator systems which underpin behavior. It is
fruitful to inquire as to the role of rhythmic electrical activity in governing activation
and arousal, as well as in organizing collective cerebral activity (the binding problem).
The emerging under- standing of the organization of rhythmic activity in the EEG can then
lead to systematizing protocol selection with a hopefully parsimonious set of protocols.
SMR/beta training for Autism and Asperger's Syndrome
Susan F. Othmer, BCIAC
Initial results will be presented for EEG training in high-functioning autistic and
Asperger's Syndrome children. Benefits were observed for stereotypical behavior, speech,
and social behavior. Training was directed twoard hemisphere-specific deficits.
workshop
Refinement of EEG biofeedback protocols on the basis of clinical data and models
of brain function.
Susan F. Othmer, BCIAC, and Siegfried Othmer, Ph.D.
Refinement of protocols will be discussed
based on models of brain function, on a variety of assessment tools, and on an increasing
base of clinical data.
A variety of assessment tools is now employed to determine appropriate training strategies
to address hemisphere-specific deficits and frontal lobe dysfunction. However, the main
burden of assessment remains with the interview. Examples of training strategies will be
reviewed in support of the emerging set of training protocols.
ABSTRACT
EEG Amplitude Scoring: The Search for a Stable/Responsive Measure of S-R Control
Peter Parks, Ph.D., LMLP, BCIA
Menninger Clinic
P.O. Box 829
Topeka, KS 66601-0829
(913) 350-5340 work
(913) 235-8099 home
Psychophys@AOL.COM e-mail
The current research project was designed to investigate claims that individuals could
self-regulate brain rhythm amplitudes. It was hypothesized that training group
participants could learn to increase electroencephalographic (EEG) amplitude scores
(delta, theta, alpha) over pretest levels to a significantly greater degree than control
group participants.
A pretest-posttest experimental design, using randomization and control procedures, was
implemented. The group training protocol utilized biofeedback training (finger skin
temperature and amplitude based alpha-theta neurofeedback), guided imagery, and a
structured drawing exercise. Amplitude assessment included eyes closed EEG measured
from the left occiput (01) using a monopolar, referential monitoring system. A
scoring system was designed to offer stable measures of peak-to-peak EEG amplitude,
focusing analyses on dynamic characteristics of amplitude variability (i.e. short burst
amplitude) using 1 second data epochs. Multivariate profile analyses and analyses of
variance (ANOVAs) were performed.
Results revealed significant posttest increases in EEG amplitude scores, including delta
(p = .04) and theta (p = .04), for training group compared to control group. These
data represent the first randomized, controlled demonstration of self-regulatory control
of EEG amplitude known to this author. The current findings provide no definitive
evidence of which features of the training protocol were responsible for noted changes.
These protocols (training and physiologic assessment) offer new tools to address
long-standing questions regarding the ability of indiv- iduals to learn to increase EEG
amplitude. Preliminary evidence of (a) a training protocol and (b) assessment
proceedures which result in measurable changes in neurophysiologic measures represents
important information for the scientific communities including the health care, and
psychological communities.
FUTUREHEALTH Inc. 211 N. Sycamore, Newtown, PA 18940, 215-504-1700 fax 215-860-5374
ABSTRACT
Neurofeedback Training: An Existential Exploration of Psychophysiologic States
Peter Parks, Ph.D., LMLP, BCIA
The implementation of an efficacious neurofeedback training program requires
grounding in a wide variety of technical and theoretical perspectives. The
development of a safe, supportive, and non-judgemental learning environment is believed to
be critically important in the development of highly effective psychophysiologic training
programs. In order to be successful psychophysiologic therapists and trainers we
must balance our focus on scientific, technical and biobehavioral concepts with
sensitivity to the states of consciousness exploration undertaken by our clients and
research participants. This presentation will explore the complimentary integration
of scientific, biobehavioral, existential, and humanistic perspectives in the development
of a humanistic science of psychophysiologic self-regulation.
Brain rhythm frequency and amplitude are objective indicators which have substantial
bearing on subjectively experienced states of consciousness. When we learn to control our
physiology we are simultaneously learning to control our phenomen- ological states (Green
& Green, 1977). As we bring specific psychophysiologic processes under
volitional control we learn to coordinate the activities of reciprocally interacting
subsystems which comprise the existentially aware human organism. The term
existential is used herein to mean grounded in existence or the experience of existence;
having being in time and space. It refers to an experientially based awareness of
"moment-to-moment felt experience" (Rogers, 1966, p. 184).
This presentation will use a rigorously designed scientific investigation of EEG
self-regulation (conducted at Menninger) to exemplify the integration of scientific
methodology, biobehavioral training procedures and a human potential research tradition.
Research participant subjective reports will be used to provide examples of
conscious exploration of unconscious material as we consider the existential nature of
psychophysiologic self-awareness and self-regulation training.
References Green, E., & Green, A. (1977). Beyond biofeedback (rev. ed.). Ft. Wayne,
IN: Knoll Publishing. Rogers, C. R. (1966). Client-centered therapy. In S. Arieti
(Ed.), American Handbook of Psychiatry, vol. 3 (pp. 183-200). New York: Basic Books.
A Power Spectral Density Analysis of Brain Electrical Activity
Karl H. Pribram
Professor Emeritus, Stanford University
James P. and Anna King Distinguished Professor
and Eminent Scholar, Commonwealth of Virginia
Mailing Address: Brain Center, Radford University, 423 Russell Hall, Box
6977, Radford, VA 24142, USA
Telephone: 540-831-6108 / Fax: 540-831-6630 / E-Mail: kpribram@runet.edu
Introduction
The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to relate the linear dynamics of invertible
Fourier and Fourier-like processes to non-linear analysis of the structure of patterns and
2) the application of this analysis to scalp-recorded brain electrical activity (EEG) in
subjects whohave difficulty maintaining attention in repetitious tasks (subjects with
attention deficit disorders.
Procedure
Subjects diagnosed as ADD who arre on daily amphetamine (RItalinO medication and controls
are tested after a 24 hour abstinence and four hours afer medication. The test is of
the continuous performance type, with occasional "odd ball" changes
in the stimuli presented. The test has been checked for reliability and validity. Both
visual and auditory stimuli are presented: the subject must press different keys when odd-
ball appears in each modality. Records of responses are collated and immediately analyzed
for correctness and reaction time. For the duration of the testing, EEGs are continuously
recorded and analyzed according to the following procedure.
To perform the spectral analysis on our data, we shose two
seconds of artifact-free record. We then applied Welch's method of spectral estimation
(Key, 1988) using a 512 point FFT, a two millisecond Hamming window with zero overlap
between windows.
The slope (m) relating the power spectral densities (the
distribution of power among the frequencies from 3.5 Hz to 42 Hz) was determined by
regression of the spectral data (67 points from 7.8 Hz-40Hz) to a linear model,
i.e., a straight line. We adopted the least mean square solution to calculate the slope of
the line.
The fitting error (R) is expressed as the root mean square of the
average squares of the 67 distances to the line from the data points. The larger the R,
the less likely it is that the linear model is adequate: a non-linear fractal is a
morelikely fit. (Voss, 1988)
The data were then plotted as the means and standard deviations of the logarithm of
the power spectral density against the logarithm of frequency. The standard bandwidths--
theta 3.5-7.5 Hz; alpha 7.5-13 Hz; beta 13-38 Hz; gamma 38-42 Hz -- are marked by
vertical lines.
Results
1. As an example, the following behavioral profiles of a control and ADD subject are
presented.
control: 33 year old male.
ADD subject: 43 year old male
Note especially the wide distribution of reaction times in the records from the ADD
subject when compared to that of the control.
2. As examples the power spectral density distribtutions of the EEG are presented
for the control subject, first at rest then while testing. These analyses are followed in
the same sequence from two ADD subjects deprived of medication for 24 hours.
References
Key, S.M. (1988) Modern spectral estimation: Theory and application. Prentice-Hall:
Englewood Cliff, NJ, Chapter 4
Voss, R. (1988) Fractals in Nature. From Characterization to simulation. In H. Peitken and
D. Sanpe (eds.) The Science of Fractal Images. Springer Verlag: New York
WX 2-4 Karl Pribram Thoughts on the Electrical Activity of The Brain
The workshop will deal with evidence from microelectrode and EEG analysis as well as
from lesion studies regarding changes in framing conscious experience related to different
brain systems as they determine conscious experience.
Recent research on Alpha Asymmetry and Depression.
J.P. Rosenfeld,Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Northwestern University
Evanston, IL, USA 60208
phone:847-491-3629 fax: 847-491-7859
email: jp-rosenfeld@nwu.edu
The new directions in our attempts to manipulate and understand the alpha asymmetry marker
of affect are as follows:
1) DIAGNOSTIC: Our data as well as Davidson's have clearly shown an asymmetry difference
between currently depressed and never depressed persons in terms of the 8-13 Hz
alpha band. But what nobody has yet shown is a difference between previously depressed but
now remitted depressives and acutely depressed persons. Recent data suggests that finer
resolution should be applied to the alpha band. We have thus re-analyzed previously
collected data from the three types (currently depressed, remitted depressed, normal)but
in the high(10-13 Hz) and low(7-10 Hz) sub-bands in the Alpha range, and will present
results in February.
2) THERAPEUTIC: There may be other, quicker ways to alter alpha asymmetry (and correlated
affect) besides biofeedback; e.g., entrainment, or direct stimulation of appropriate
places in brain via sensory input. Oriental therapists have long advocated unilateral
sniffing from the right nostril as a method of feeling better. Given the contralateral
projection of trigeminal fibers from the right nostril to the left (including the
"happy" left frontal) cortex, the ancient practice makes sense. Indeed, Schiff
and collegues in Toronto have reported (1995) positive emotional effects in normals as a
result of right, unilateral sniffing, but did not record EEG.
We have now completed a study which looks at alpha asymmetry (frontally
and parietally) and affect as a result of right vs left sniffing. The results are complex,
but often consistent with what would be expected.
BCIA EEG EXAM Prep Course
Workshop: J. Peter Rosenfeld, Ph.D.,
Northwestern University has researched and taught Psychophysiology and EEG biofeedback for
30 years, has over 100 publications, and was AAPB President, NIH Review Committee member,
and is Editorial Board member of Biofeedback & Self Regulation, and is also
chair of the BIA-EEG exam committee, and developed this workshop as a preparation for that
exam.
Summary: In this workshop, we will cover the bioelectric origin of EEG as a sum of
post-synaptic potentials. The needed background in Neurophysiology will be provided.
We will also review basic neuroanatomy sufficient to understand the general origins
and meanings of EEG rhythms.
We will also cover basic instrumentation and montages (NOT montages specific for every
protocol). Specific protocol for Alpha Asymmetry and affective disorders, as well as
current results, will be covered. We will also cover event-related potentials
(ERPs), origins, and their diagnostic uses. We will finally discuss the history of
neurofeedback and survey some of the better known protocols.
Learning objectives: 1) understanding of basic neuroscience and the origin of EEG
and EEG-derived ERPs 2) knowledge of appropriate instrumentation and montages for EEG
recording
3) knowledge of origins and uses of EEG biofeedback. 4) Preparation for BCIA-EEG
exam.
Audience: This course is designed for those who want to be introduced to EEG
biofeedback and/or augment their basic-specialized knowledge. It is also
intended to provide background preparation for the BCIA-EEG specialty exam (and is indeed
taught by the chair of the BCIA-EEG exam committee).
Outline
Topic
1. Basic Neurophysiology, Neuroanatomy, Neuropharmacology.
2. Neuronal origin of EEG, methods of EEG recording, EEG montages, ERP (or Event-related
potentials), ERSPs (event-related spectral perturbations, as in Event-related (de-)
synchronization.
3. Origins and survey of EEG biofeedback, 1960-1980.
4. Review of modern EEG biofeedback protocols with special emphasis on >mood disorders
(depression), EEG entrainment and EEG asymmetry effects of biofeedback and stimulation.
An Energy Systems Approach to Neurotherapy
Gary E. Schwartz, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology, Neurology & Psychiatry and Director, Human Energy Systems
Laboratory, University of Arizona
Box 210068, Tucson, AZ 85721-5497
phone 520-621-5497 fax 520-621-9306
gschwartz@ccit.arizona.edu
Biofeedback in general (and neurofeedback in particular) is very complicated. Many
different theories of how neurotherapy works have been proposed, but thus far, there has
been no way to integrate these diverse models into a comprehensive framework. Using
modern systems theory, I will present a NINE LEVEL MODEL that integrates all of the
major theories of self regulation. The model is biopsychosocial-- it goes from the
micro (LEVEL ONE begins automatic biological self-regulation) to the macro (LEVEL NINE
involves social neurofeedback interactions). LEVELS TWO through EIGHT organize the major
frameworks of learning, motivation and emotion, expectancy and insight. Clinical diagnosis
and treatment can be greatly enhanced when the NINE LEVELS are understood and
implemented. After the NINE LEVELS are presented, the workshop will consider the
integration of systems theory with modern concepts of energy (Russek & Schwartz, 1996;
Schwartz & Russek, 1996) Applications of neurotherapy to alternative medicine
become straightforward when an energy systems approach to biofeedback is understood.
Clinical examples will be shared and implications for practice and research will be
developed.
CITATION For Bill Scott: The following abstract is an exemplary example of how a clinician
researcher can share data and techniques in detail, in writing
Rob Kall, Meeting organizer
ABSTRACT
Ending The War Within Remediating PTSD with neurofeedback.
William Scott
EEG Spectrum 16100 Ventura Blvd Suite #3 Tarzana CA 91436
818-884-2882 Fax 818-713-0248
* How It Works
We begin with bipolar uptraining C3-Fpz beta (15-18Hz), C4-Pz SMR (12-15Hz) and Theta
(4-7Hz) suppression, with the Susan Othmer protocol for ADD. Use this protocol to
normalize the T.O.V.A. or if it's already normal, administer 10 sessions.
Preferably we'll administer 10 thirty minute sessions, twice per day in five consecutive
days. There appears to be a significant dosage effect doing sessions twice
daily. People that have completed the above protocol seem quite advanced when they
start their alpha / theta feedback compared to those that haven't. Their ego
strength improves, their heightened cognitive functioning better enables them to process
unconscious imagery, and they experience cross overs in their first sessions.
We then administer alpha theta sessions twice daily, thirty minutes each for a total of 30
sessions. All 30 alpha theta sessions are done with their eyes closed. We call alpha
(8-12Hz), theta (5-8Hz) and we suppress 2-5Hz. The 2-5Hz suppression
seems to prevent the painful abreactions and sleep. We've replaced 4-7Hz theta with
the 5-8Hz band because people recall their experiences with heightened clarity, don't feel
as spaced out afterwards, don't experience heaviness after sessions, and have more of the
witness state experiences. We reward alpha between 60% to 80% and theta between 30%
to 60%. We suppress the 2-5Hz activity from 10 to 20 percent. Our main
objective is to maintain within these parameters while adjusting thresholds as little as
possible. We don't adjust to deviations from their general trend. We get to
know patients EEG patterns and set the thresholds in anticipation of them. For
example, patients with unresolved PTSD start out with excessive alpha during their first 5
to 10 minutes and then it drops by a factor of 2 to 5 and remains at this lowered level.
We would set the thresholds in anticipation of this drop or gradually change the
threshold as it begins to attenuate so the client continues to hear the same amount of
feedback as their EEG normalizes. People with PTSD usually drop their average level
of alpha after 30 sessions. The heightened levels of alpha in their initials
sessions has a strong correlation with the suppression of unconscious material. As
it drops so does the amount of intrusive thoughts, night terrors, and flash backs.
* The Retraumatization to Resolution Process
To best understand this process, lets contrast the more familiar talk therapy with
neurotherapy. When people with untreated PTSD talk about the trauma, or experience
anything that restimulates it, they are retraumatized. The trauma seems to have been
erroneously stored in the present memory locations and their brains don't differentiate
restimulation from reoccurrence. The reason talk therapy lacks effectiveness with
this population is because patients can't talk about it without reexperiancing it.
Many patients, on an almost unconscious level, eventually pretend they're over it to avoid
being traumatized and just decide to go on with life attempting to avoid
restimulation. Many overworked therapists are traumatized by hearing rarely spoken
acts of cruelty and are also inclined to share their client's manipulation that they are
better.
Neurotherapy's appeal to this population lies in the lack of an expectation for
them to talk about it. The therapist just monitors the number of
occurrence of symptoms, sets thresholds, reads the client's guided visualizations prior to
their 30 minutes of feedback, and teaches the client to interpret their experiences.
During sessions, with their unconscious properly seeded with the visualizations,
they experience whatever they need to erode these symptoms. Their unconscious knows
the exact strength of their ego and never overloads it. At times it is stretched and
they may fear going over the edge but they can't. I've done thousands of sessions
and haven't questioned this possibility since about my 100th. I've also talked with
dozens of practitioners and have yet to hear of someone needing hospitalization.
After patients have a few key sessions, the retraumitization to resolution process begins.
Clients have experiences of dark holes or spaces they had been avoiding and they
enter in or look through them, usually to find themselves in a place of
consciousness where they observe the past traumatic events from a non first person
perspective. In this way, they observe and process without re-experiancing.
Their unconscious, for the first time, stores the experience(s) as past
events. After these sessions, they learn a way to be restimulated without being
traumatized.
Now in these previously retraumatizing situations, they still have a conditioned response
where they find themselves preparing with for the full shock, but it doesn't happen.
In the initial stages of this process, in anticipation of trauma they do experience
stress. But now as restimulation occurs, it acts to continue to resolve the
conditioned stress response. They go into what I call an adventure mode where they
seek out restimulation. They often rent violent videos, engage in war stories, and
become very verbal after the feedback portion of their sessions. So to easily sum
this phase up, talk therapy says, "Talk about it and you'll feel better." and
neurotherapy says, "Feel better and you'll talk about it."
*The Therapist's / Technician's Influence
In alpha theta neurofeedback, patient's enter into very open and sensitive states of
consciousness. If their therapist caries excessive anxiety, the patient absorbs it
or prevents themself from going into an open state of consciousness. If a therapist
feels inadequate or frustrated because a client's EEG isn't doing what is expected,
chances are it won't. It's also important to recognize that if a therapist or the
patient's conscious mind could have alleviated their symptoms, it would have by now.
Patient's usually look to their therapist for safety when they have had a particularly
moving session. If their therapist is uncentered, uncertain, and questioning the
safety of the process, the patient will likely shut down and avoid going into the
necessary deep levels of consciousness.
Background: William Scott has been using alpha theta neurofeedback in combination
with traditional 12 step chemical dependency treatment for the past 4 years. William and
Dr. Eugene Peniston have the worlds largest study of alpha theta neurofeedback pending
with the Journal of Clinical Psychology, involving 24 Native American with alcoholism.
He is currently supervising a controlled 150 subject study of neurofeedback on
addictions in North Hollywood CA USA.
Workshop # WFF Monday February 24th, 1997 4:-6
APPLICATIONS OF ALPHA/THETA NEUROFEEDBACK IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Bill Scott
Topics will include:
TYPICAL CLIENT PROGRESSION: We'll examine, behaviorally, cognitively, and
psychometrically, how clients typically react over the course of 30 alpha theta sessions.
POPULATION REACTIONS: We'll discuss common reactions of chemically dependent, anxious, and
depressed populations. Questions answered will be: How do we know when
it's working How to create an environment for crossover What can we do if it's not working
What makes the changes permanent Why people don't have psychotic breaks that
require hospitalization
CLINICIAN'S INFLUENCE: You'll learn: How much therapists see in client's EEG
Differences in therapeutic bonding How direct unfiltered communication between therapist
affects the process How to stay out of the way of a client's growth How much therapist's
influence client progress Trouble-shooting ineffectiveness
NEW BAND-WIDTHS AND THEIR EFFECTS: This topic gives practitioners an understanding of
frequency effects on consciousness and emotions. It suggests what to reward and
inhibit for different pathologies.
DEMONSTRATION: We'll observe a condensed explanation of the process in an initial session
You'll witness a streamlined guided visualization (with explanation) We'll review a post
session graph and how to process the session
QUESTIONS:
The Effectiveness of White Light and Sound Pulsed Stimulation As Applied To
Chronic Pain
Dave Siever C.E.T.
9876 A -33 ave Edmonton Alberta, Canada T5N 1C6
800-661-6463 or 403-450-3729
paradise@planet.eon.net.
During the past few decades, a surprising number of anecdotal reports and pilot studies
have attested to the efficacy of photic and auditory stimulation as a treatment for a
variety of ailments (e.g., PMS, migraines, and pain); yet, few have systematically
investigated the therapeutic effectiveness of using such technology. This presentation
will illustrate the preliminary results of a study designed to determine the therapeutic
effectiveness of the digital audio visual integration device (DAVID; a photic and auditory
stimulation device) as a treatment for chronic pain. This study, uses an ABA design
to follow and record participants' progress over a five and a half month period. The
dependent measures are general health, anxiety, pain intensity, and depression.
workshop
History, Research and the Rules Of Brainwave Entrainment/Light and Sound
Technology
By Dave Siever C.E.T.
Since the discovery of photic driving by Adrian and Matthews in 1934, much has been
discovered about the benefits of brainwave entrainment (BWE). Recently termed light
and sound (L&S) technology, L&S's clinical applications must go to the credit of
Sidney Schneider who developed the first photic stimulation device called the Brain Wave
Synchronizer and prompted the first research. By 1995, published research on
L&S's effectiveness in anaesthesia, ADD, PMS, migraine headache, chronic pain, stress
reduction, and dental hypnosis was available. This workshop will review the
research in detail, including some of the research presently being conducted by Michelle
Dubik, B.A. in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Referencing past research, Dave will
explain the principles (BWE, hypnosis, meditation, neural stimulation and increased
cerebral blood flow) through which L&S acts. We will also examine the
physiological and psychological rules surrounding BWE, the first step in the L&S
stimulation process. The workshop will end with a question and answer period with
Dave, regarding research and equipment operation.
Topographical EEG Profiles: A New Classification for Neurological And Psychiatric
Disorders?
M. Barry Sterman, Ph.D.
Dept of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
16111 Plummer St.
Neuropsychology Research, 151-A3
Sepulveda CA 91343
fax 818-895-9575 phone 818-891-7711 ext 7578
The rapid expansion of computerized quantitative topographic EEG technology as a tool for
clinical evaluation has disclosed pathological EEG frequency modulation characteristics
that are often expected but sometimes unique. Expected findings are most often
related to focal brain abnormalities and seizure disorders. The category of unique applies
to patterns that are associated with disorders for which clear expectations are lacking,
and to patterns which appear to cross over several different established nosologies. It
seems clear that the new and expanded information that this technology provides may
contribute to a better understanding of brain pathology and eventually alter clinical
classification criteria.
Workshop: Sleep, Sleep Disorders Medicine, and EEG Biofeedback ?
M. Barry Sterman,Ph.D. & Chris Mann, Ph.D.
M. Barry Sterman, Ph.D.
Dept of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
16111 Plummer St.
NeuropsychResearch, 151-A3
Sepulveda CA 91343
fax 818-895-9575
phone 818-891-7711 ext 7578
Chris Mann
12403 Jolette Ave.
Granada Hills CA 91344
818-364-3104
cmann4eeg@aol.com
The workshop will introduce participants to current thinking about the brain's regulation
of the sleep process, fundamental concepts and methods in the study and evaluation of this
process, the field of sleep disorders medicine, and rational concepts and applications of
EEG neurofeedback to the treatment of these disorders. Our objectives include providing a
basis for 1)understanding how sleep is viewed as a physioogical regulatory process and how
it is objectively evaluated, 2)recognizing sleep disorders that may present in a
clinical context, 3) appreciating medical treatment resources and strategies, and 4)
deciding when and how to attempt EEG neurofeedback as a treatment.
Disease Pathology and Neurofeedback Procedures
Ken Tachiki, Ph.D. & Elmar Weiler
Ken Tachiki, Ph.D.
Chief, Xenobiotics Laboratory, Research Service (151), West Los Angeles, Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
Phone: 310-268-3453 Fax: 310-268-4859
Elmar Weiler, Ph.D.
NeuroNet, St. Wendel, Germany
This workshop will focus on electrode placement
sites on the scalp for neurofeedback treatment of disease conditions. Actual
case data will be employed to illustrate: 1) the decision process for selection of
electrode placement sites; 2) the EEG process(s) during neurofeedback treatment; 3) the
use of EEG data as a guide during the neurofeedback treatment process; and 4) EEG changes
occurring as a result of the treatment process. Cases for illustration include mild
traumatic brin injury, Parkinson's disease, Attention Deficit Disorder, Depression,
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Childhood Autism and
Cerebral Palsy.
Time Travel; hypnosis & regression, alpha-theta ratios:
Once you have the patient's attention, what do you do?
Rae Tattenbaum
68 South Main St.
West Hartford, CT, 06107
860-561-5222
The integration of EEG technology with Ericksonian hypnosis along with progression and
regression techniques permits the therapist and the patient to optimize the time and the
susceptibility for inner work.
A window of opportunity exists to help the patient movequickly to past issue
inhibiting the development of the future self.
Alpha theta provides the patient and the therapist with the opportunity to build an affect
bridge back to earlier times as an observer.participant of the inhibiting behavior.
How do you do this? How do you facilitate corrective regression?
The following guidelines will discuss:
1. What is the therapist beliefs and training?
2. What are the goals of the treatment?
3. Patient's beliefs.
4. Safety guidelines
5. Getting started: What seems to be Effective Spadework
6. What concepts are the foundation, i.e. regression, corrective regression, affect
bridge, future blueprint
7. A Preliminary Procedure for Discussion:
v Safety Shield and Guide lines
v Induction: Alpha Theta
v Safe Place
v Open Focus
v Time Travel
8. Management of logistics
Training Results With ADD Clients:Is Neurofeedback
training for Attention Deficit Disorder in adults as effective as similar training
carried out with children?
Lynda ThompsonPh.D., C.Psych.Michael Thompson B.Sc., M.D.,
D.Psych.
ADD Centres Ltd.50 Village Centre Place
Mississauga, ON, Canada L4Z 1V9
905-803-8066
This paper will compare results obtained with adults to the results obtained with children
and adolescents. A number of researchers, notably Joel Lubar and Michael
Linden, have reported on I.Q. increases in children who received neurofeedback training.
We have observed similar increases in children’s I.Q. scores namely, a greater
than ten point increase. With Attention Deficit Disorder in adults being increasingly
diagnosed, we are now seeing more adults. Approximately 20 % of our clients at the
ADD Centre are adults. We will share a new questionnaire for adults, the ACQ (ADD Centre
Questionnaire) and discuss results obtained neurofeedback combined with training in
metacognitive strategies for both adult and child clients. This talk will
share the pre and post test results of our first dozen adult clients who completed 40
sessions of training. Results for I.Q., T.O.V.A. and EEG will be reported.
The I.Q. gains are at least as great as those found in children. The results
obtained at the ADD Centre for children and adolescents will also be reported. The results
for both our child and adult clients will be compared in terms of the pattern of the
subtest scores found in ADD individuals. The ACID pattern (lower scores on Arithmetic,
Coding, Information and Digit Span) was found. It was more pronounced in children.
Possible reasons for the increases in tests of intelligence will be
discussed.
WORKSHOP :
Cognitive Strategies: What they are and how to integrate them into
Neurofeedback Training with ADD students.
Lynda ThompsonPh.D., C.Psych.Executive Director
Michael Thompson B.Sc., M.D., D.Psych.Chief Executive Officer
ADD Centres Ltd.50 Village Centre PlaceMississauga, ON, Canada L4Z 1V9
905-803-8066 Fax: 905-803-
For ADD Child and Adult Clients, Neurofeeedback Training is necessary but not
sufficient to effect maximum improvement. This workshop will
describe: (1) a feedback program using EEG, EDR and peripheral temperature for ADD
clients; (2) teach learning strategies to improve reading, listening, organizing and
remembering and, (3) show how neurofeedback and metacognitive strategies are
combined in the ADD Centre’s program.More Detailed Description of Workshop:Title:
Metacognition Combined with Neurofeedback: an Effective Educational Approach
to ADD For Child ClientsFor Adult ClientsTarget Audience:Participants may be at any stage
of experience: however, the objectives are worded to apply to participants who
have had some experience with the use of neurofeedback with children and / or
adults who have ADD or ADHD.Terminal Objective: To
enable the participants to be able to apply the combined approach of Metacognitive
strategies and Neurofeedback to ameliorate the symptoms (short attention span,
distractibility, impulsive approach to work) of ADD and the associated academic
difficulties, including underacheivement due to a disorganized approach to work.Enabling
Objectives:Neurofeedback: At the completion of the seminar the participants should be
able:to distinguish sub-groups of ADD children and apply the correct use of SMR vs beta
training to each group.impulsive (may be either under or over aroused)non-impulsiveto
select appropriate electrode placement which may vary with arousal, impulsivity and
presence or absence of language difficulties.to recognize and distinguish two groups of
children with ADD according to their level of alertness and apply the appropriate EDR
feedback to each group. under-arousedover-arousedTo recognize three groups of ADD
Adults and apply appropriate training strategies for each group.Metacognitive
Strategies:At the completion of the seminar the participants should be able:to define
metacognitionto apply a 7 step metacognitive strategy for junior high, high school and
college studentsto reading new materialto listening to lecturesto organizing a written or
verbal presentationto apply cognitive strategies to elementary school math and readingto
improve a client’s setting of goals and management of time (high school and adult
clients) Metacognition combined with Neurofeedback: At the completion of the seminar the
participants should be able:to develop a training protocol for an ADD client that combines
appropriate neurofeedback, EDR and peripheral temperature feedback, and training in
metacognitive strategies. Description of Seminar:A didactic lecture covering
sub-types of ADD and appropriate Neurofeedback approaches to each will be given. At
this juncture metacognition will be introduced and the seminar will become' more
interactive with the participants being challenged with a brief reading assignment that is
given to students at the ADD Centres who are in grade 7 and above. This will be
followed by a quick lecture preparation assignment. When the participants have
completed their tasks there will be a discussion of the techniques they used to approach
the tasks and that will be compared with the approach of children and even college level
students with ADD. The leaders will present a 7 step strategic approach to reading,
preparing for exams or presentations, and listening to boring lecture materials. The
participants will then be invited to spend a few minutes reading a passage using the
metacognitive approaches just discussed and discussing the differences they experienced
when using these techniques. They will repeat this procedure revamping the lead
previously worked on. Organizing thinking processes and strategies and understanding
different levels of memory and the use of various visual and auditory/verbal memory
techniques will be emphasized. Throughout the presentaton the rationale for
combining neurofeedback with training and learning skills will be underscored.
This combination effectively improves performance and leads to high levels of
customer satisfaction. Clients have immediate benefits from applying
metacognitive strategies and long term benefits from the combination of strategies
and neurofeedback.
SEMINAR:INTRODUCTION:
LECTURE ON NEUROFEEDBACK:ASSIGNMENTSDISCUSSION OF ASSIGNMENTS:strategies usedamount
recalledorganization of materialhow children with ADD approach these tasks
LECTURE ON METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES:RETRY ASSIGNMNETS USING STRATEGIES:DISCUSSION OF
IMPROVEMENTS USING STRATEGIES IN:recallorganization of materialCLOSING STATEMENTS -
THE VALUE OFNEUROFEEDBACK COMBINED WITH METACOGNITI VE STRATEGIES
ADD and Cortical Blood Supply Enhancement through Transcranial Infrared Blood Flow
Management
Hershel Toomim
BIOCOMP RESEARCH INSTITUTE
3710 S. Robertson Blvd., Suite 216
Culver City, CA 90232
(310) 841-4970 * (800) 246-3526
We have developed a new modality,which illuminates the brain through the skull and
responds to the amount of infrared light reflected form the cortex. This signal is
indicative of the actual blood perfusion of the area illuminated.
Scientific literature since 1890 has linked blood flow to activity within the brain.
Functional MRI, PET, CAT and SPECT scans look at blood flow and nutrient
uptake to diagnose hypo and hyper perfused areas of the brain which lead to ADD,
hyperactivity, depression, poor impulse control, etc.
Exercise of under perfused brain regions (Zametkin), made possible by the development of
control (decreasing coefficient of variation, Lubar), results in enhanced dendritic
density (Marion Diamond) and by logical inference an increase in regional brain
vascularity. The newly increased brain control makes brain exercise a natural
consequence. The symptoms of ADD recede as the brain is more effectively used
(Lubar).
Hershel Toomim of The Biocomp Research Institute noticed that the common ingredient of
almost all EEG treatments was Theta suppression. Since Theta increases with
decreased blood flow to the cortex, the ratio of Beta to Theta is a good indicator of
cortical blood perfusion. Now blood perfusion can be monitored directly. The
client can be trained to vary blood profusion at will to areas of the brain needing more
nutrients. This modality is now fully operational and available on the Biocomp.
Proposal for a study of the value of sensorimotor rhythm neurobiofeedback in the
treatment of fibromyalgia
Julie Weiner, M.S., City College of New York Experimental Cognition Program
Julie Weiner, M.S., B.C.I.A.-C., Biofeedback Learning Center, 984 North Broadway, Ste.
LL-05, Yonkers, NY 10701. Tel: (914) 633-2991. email:
jweiner@broadway.gc.cuny.edu.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic non-inflammatory muscle-pain syndrome of indeterminate etiology,
defined by a history of widespread body pain and multiple (at least 11) tender points
painful upon palpation. In the U.S., it affects about two million men, four
million women, and some children. It can be debilitating and disabling.
Evidence that the pain of fibromyalgia is centrally mediated include reduced blood flow to
the thalamus and caudate nucleus, hypothalamic dysregulation, adrenal, and/or thyroid
deficits, and alterations in neurochemical (serotonin, substance P) functions.
Fibromyalgia has been discussed as a sleep disorder, characterized by nonrestorative
sleep associated with alpha- intrusions into NREM sleep ("alpha-delta sleep"),
fatigue, and cognitive-behavioral symptoms typical of dysregulated sleep. Periodic
leg movements or apnea/hypopnea during sleep, with increased frequency of arousals, are
sometimes present. Medications that enhance NREM sleep--amitryptaline,
cyclobenzaprine--help some patients.
Sensory-motor rhythm (SMR) is an EEG rhythm of 12-15 Hz, measurable over the sensorimotor
cortex, originating in the nuclei reticularis of the thalamus. Neurofeedback
to enhance SMR increases sleep spindle density and reduces movement- and
awakening-frequency in epileptics, and increases sleep density in insomniacs with NREM
deficits. It is proposed to test the efficacy of SMR-biofeedback in enhancing
NREM sleep and sleep efficiency, and reducing pain and fatigue, in FM patients.
Twenty FM patients will be evaluated for tender-point sensitivity, self-rated pain and
fatigue, eyes-closed SMR amplitude and percent-amplitude at monopolar electrode location
C4 (right-ear referenced), and, by polysomnograph, for sleep latency, NREM sleep density,
sleep spindle density, and frequency of movements and awakenings, before and after twenty
forty-five minute neurofeedback sessions (or fewer if learning criterion--40%-increase--is
achieved sooner) to increase SMR at C4 (while, per neurofeedback convention, inhibiting
theta, movement- and muscle-tension artifact). It is hypothesized that change in SMR
percent- amplitude will predict changes in NREM sleep density, awakenings, pain, and
fatigue.
SELF-REGULATION OF INTERHEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Jennifer Wild, John Gruzelier, Elinor Hardman and Rasheed Zaman
Jennifer Wild
Department of Psychiatry, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, St Dunstans
Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.,
e-mail: rnju002@s1.cxwms.ac.uk
Over years we have shown that schizophrenic patients, both undrugged and medicated, have
asymmetries of hemispheric function which reduce or reverse when symptoms improve
or remit. The asymmetries and direction of reversal are syndrome dependent. We
therefore reasoned that self regulation of interhemispheric asymmetry may have
therapeutic benefits. First we set out to examine the ability of schizophrenic
patients admitted to a district general hospital to learn self regulation as a
prelude to a training programme. Here we report on the ability of 10 schizophrenic
patients to learn lateralised interhemispheric control of slow cortical potentials
across electrode sites C3-C4 during 10 sessions of visual EEG biofeedback.
Subjects were divided into three groups: those characterised by a withdrawn
syndrome (right>left) formed Group 1, subjects characterised by the active
syndrome (left>right) formed Group 2, and subjects with mixed symptoms (both
active and withdrawn) formed Group 3. All subjects were told to use
contralateral body sensations to guide a rocket on a screen, initially centrally
placed, which rose to indicate an increase in left hemisphere negativity (relative
to the right hemisphere) and fell to indicate an increase in right hemisphere
negativity. Data were analysed for subjects! ability to generate correct
direction shifts in A (move right) and B trials (move left) trials across the three blocks
of twenty trials in the ten sessions. Previous research with normals suggested
that withdrawn syndrome subjects would show superior performance. A
preliminary analysis of this ongoing study found that mixed syndrome patients, i.e.,
the more symmetrical group were the only ones to learn lateral SCP control at the
central placements.
We gratefully acknowledge a Senior Investigator Award from NARSAD and a grant from the
L.S. Saugstad Fund.
The Potential and Pitfalls in the Use of EEG for the Assessment and Training of
Elite Performers
Vietta E. Wilson, Ph.D.
York University,
4700 Keele St. North York, Ontario Canada
416-736-2100 fax 416-736-5715
A brief review of the research on the use of EEG in the assessment and training for
enhanced performance in sport and motor skills will be summarized. Research from the use
of quantitative EEG to assess imagery modalities(kinesthetic, visual or verbal) will be
used to illustrate the potential for assessing and training athletes to maximize the
quality of their mental practice outside of the sport environment. The clinical use of EEG
in different sport applications will illuminate some of the problems that arise when
attempting to use EEG technology in sport: equipment limitations, data collection and
procesing limitations, validation and generalization limitations and time limitations.
Based upon currently available EEG technology, the potential of EEG for practice,
simulation of competition and actual competition will be discussed. The presentation will
close with speculation on the future use of computerized EEG biofeedback for
developing templates for enhancing an individual's performance.
Group vs. Individual EEG training for the high performance mind
Anna Wise
Anna Wise
P.O. Box 693
Corte Madera
CA 94976
phone/fax: (415) 927-4363
e-mail: 74237.2140@CompuServe.COM
We have a finely woven, intricate interrelationship of brainwave frequencies that
delicately determines our states of consciousness.
Being able to intentionally alter the combination of beta, alpha, theta, and delta in both
hemispheres is an intrinsic part of developing the self-mastery that leads to a High
Performance Mind -one that can enter the state of consciousness that is most beneficial or
desirable for any given circumstance.
The optimum brainwave pattern for creativity, healing, insight and all forms of high
performance combines the intuitive, empathetic radar of delta waves, the creative
inspiration, personal insight, and spiritual awareness of theta waves, the bridging
capacity and relaxed, detached, awareness of alpha waves, and the external attention and
ability to consciously process thought of beta waves, all at the same time. Originally
discovered in yogis, swamis and those in higher states of consciousness by C. Maxwell
Cade, this awakened mind pattern can also be found during the "ah-ha" experience
and all forms of peak performance, regardless of activity, content, intention, philosophy
or theology.
Using the Mind Mirror(TM) EEG for biofeedback and biomonitoring, and different methods of
meditation, sensualization and deep psycho-physiological relaxation, High Performance Mind
brainwave training takes place in two formats: individual consultation or group
training.
Both use the following generalized protocol:
WISE PROTOCOL
Eyes Closed
1. Increase relaxation
2. Access Theta
3. Reduce Beta
4. Access Alpha
5. Address Hemispheric Balance
6. Address Delta
7. Stabilize Alpha
8. Stabilize Theta
9. Alpha and Theta together
10. Add Beta for Awakened Mind
11. Stabilize Awakened Mind
Eyes Open
1. Alpha
2. Alpha and Theta
3. Awakened Mind
Both models work with the state and the content of consciousness.
Differences are as follows:
Individual sessions begin with a brainwave profile which establishes baseline signature
patterns for eyes open and closed. Protocol is then personalized accordingly.
Biomonitoring can be used to effectively shape the desired pattern by instantly altering
guidance to suit immediate needs. Biofeedback is given when desired state is
reached. Client recognizes state and learns to recreate it intentionally.
Interactive dialogue during trance works with subconscious content and can also be used to
access and develop alpha and theta. The client is able to work on brainwave states
and content issues in a highly individualized method and pace.
Group training takes place in weekend (five sessions) or 5-day (thirteen sessions)
intensives. Sessions are 2-3 hours. Size is limited to 16-18 people with 50%
of participants being monitored each session. Patterns are observed and reported to
participants following training. Table of subjective landmarks with several dozen
subjective experiences related to brainwave states is used to help participants find
"keys" for returning to and mastering different frequency combinations.
The intensity of working for extended periods, sharing personal content and hearing the
variety of other's experiences, the isolation of a retreat setting, the effect of group
entrainment and development of empathy, and the opportunity to gain knowledge of one's
consciousness and a model for continuing development in a compact period of time, all
contribute to making group brainwave training a unique, effective, and rewarding
experience.
Group training is also highly cost effective for the client and equally time effective for
the practitioner.
Workshop
The High Performance Mind
Anna Wise
Different methods of meditation, sensualization, and psychophysiological relaxation affect
our brainwaves in particular ways. In this workshop you will learn techniques for
brainwave development and management, working with both the state and content of
consciousness to understand how to create the components for a High Performance
Mind.
FUTUREHEALTH Inc. 211
N. Sycamore, Newtown, PA 18940, 215-504-1700 fax 215-860-5374
 installed Dec 6, 1998
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